英美概况专业考试重点.doc
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1、.英国 名词解释:1、 The Commonwealth of nations is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931 and has 50 member countries until 1991. 英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于 1931 年至 1991 年止已有 50 个 成员国。 2. The Norman Conquest 1066 诺曼征服公元 1066 年 1066 A.D. Reasons
2、 for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death. 威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国 的原因。 It was said that King Edward had promised the English throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066 during the important battle of Hastings William defeated Har
3、old and killed him. One Christmas Day William was crowned king of England thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England. 据说爱德华国王曾 答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元 1066 年 10 月在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中威廉打败了哈罗德军队同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。 在圣诞节加冕成为英国国王从此开始了诺曼征服。 3. The Black Death 黑死病 1348-1350 The Black Death is the modern
4、 name given to the deadly bubonic plague, an epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summer of 1348. It killed about one third of people in Europe. 4.The Glorious Revolution of 1688 光荣革命 In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his
5、brother James II. James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king,
6、William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. 1685 年查尔斯二世去世,由其弟詹姆斯二世继位。詹姆斯二世从小在欧洲流亡长大,是个 天主教徒,他希望不放弃个人宗教信仰统治国家。但是 1688 的英国已不
7、象 40 年前那样能 容忍天主教徒当国王了。英国政客反对詹姆斯二世,他们呼吁信奉新教的国王,奥兰治亲 王威谦入侵英国夺取王位。1688 年 11 月 15 日威廉在托尔比登陆并占领伦敦。这一占领相 对平静,既未流血也未处死国王,所以就称为“光荣革命”。 5、The Industrial Revolution 工业革命(1780-1830) The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization
8、in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. 工业革命指的是 17 世纪末、18 世纪初英国工业的机械化,以及因此而导致的社会结构和 经济结构的变化。 6、The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchys power is limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no real power. Constitutional monarchy began
9、 after the Glorious Revolution in 1688. 英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。 君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从 1688 年的光荣革命 后开始。.简答题:1. The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state. formation of the English nation 早期盎格鲁撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。 The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly
10、 they divided the country into shires which the Normans later called counties with shire courts and shire reeves or sheriffs responsible for administering law. Secondly they devised the narrow-strip three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly they also established the man
11、orial system 庄园制. Finally they created the Witan Council or meeting of the wise men to advise the king the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁撒克逊人构筑了英国的国家基 础。首先他们把国家划分为郡郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次他们 设计的窄条三区轮作制延用至 18 世纪。此外他们还建立了领地制。最后他们还创立了 咨议会贤人会议向国王提供建议这就成为了今天尚存的枢密院的前身。 2. Contents
12、and the significance of the Great Charter 大宪章1215 的内容 Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists of sixty- three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows: 1、No tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council. 2、No freemen should be a
13、rrested imprisoned or deprived of their property . 3、The Church should possess all its rights together with freedom of elections. 4 、London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges . 5 、There should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. 大宪章是约翰国王 1215 年
14、在封建贵族压力下签定的。 大宪章总共 63 条其中最重要的内容是 1 未经大议会同 意不得征税 2 只有根据国家有关法律才能逮捕、监禁自由人以及剥夺他们的财产 3 教会 应享受其所有权利且有选举自由 4 伦敦和其它城镇应保留其贵族的传统权力和特权 5 全 国要统一度量衡。 3、 大宪章的意义 the significance of the Great Charter Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties it was a stateme
15、nt of the feudal and legal relationships between the Crown and the barons. a guarantee of the freedom of the Church a limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管人们普遍
16、认为大宪章为英国的自由奠定了基 础,但该宪章只是规定国王和贵族之间封建关系和法律关系的声明书,保证了教会的 自由,限制了国王权利。 大宪章的精神实质就是把国王的权利限制在英国封建法律 允许的范围之内。 4. Consequences of the industrial Revolution 工业革命的结果 (1) Britain was by 1830 the “workshop of the world”; 使英国在 1830 年成为了“世界工场”;(2) Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nations wealth. 城镇迅速
17、兴起,成 为国家财富的源泉。 (3) Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions. 机械化摧毁了无法投入其中的人们的生活。 工人们在极其恶劣的条件下劳动与生活。 (4) The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to
18、trade unionism. 工业革命产生了工人阶级,即无产阶级。后来形成了工会制度。 5、A Peoples Charter 人民宪章内容 1838 It had six points: (1)the vote for all adult males; (2)voting by secret ballot; (3)equal electoral districts; (4)abolition of property qualifications for members of Parliament; (5)payment of .members of Parliament; (6)annua
19、l Parliaments, with a General Election every June. 宪章有六点 内容:(1)所有成年男子都有选举权;(2)进行无记名投票;(3)划分认输相等的选 区;(4)废除议员的财产资格要求;(5)议员应有报酬;(6)议会每年六月进行大选。 6. The evolution of the British economy since WWII falls into three periods:二战后英国经 济发展可分为三个阶段: (1) Steady development in the 50s and 60s: The British economy in
20、 this period is characterized by slow but steady growth, low unemployment and great material prosperity with rising standards of consumption.战后 50-60 年代平稳发展时期。其主要特点是经济缓慢而持续增长,失业率低, 物质丰富,人民消费水平不断增长。 (2) Economic recession in the 70s: In the 1970s among the developed countries, Britain maintained the
21、lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate, and the high record of trade 。70 年代经济滞胀。在 70 年代,英国在所有的发达资本主义国家中,始终保持最低经济增长率, 最高的通货膨胀率,和最高的贸易赤字纪录。 (3) Economic recovery in the 80s: An outstanding feature of the economic recovery in the 80s was its length, lasting seven years. Another was the impro
22、ved financial position of the government, with stronger current account of the balance of payments.80 年代经济复苏。一个显著特点是时 间长,复苏持续了 7 年。另一个特点是国际收支大大盈余,政府金融地位最高。 7、The reasons for the decline are as follows: 煤工业衰退的原因包括: exhaustion of old mines, costly operations of extraction, poor old equipment, little i
23、nvestment, fall in demand due to imports of cleaner, cheaper and more efficient fuels, etc.老煤矿的枯竭,昂贵 的提炼费用,破旧的设备,极少的投资,由于进口更干净、更便宜、更高效的燃料导致的 需求下降等等。 8、British iron and steel industry is declining for the following reasons: 英国钢铁工业衰退 的原因如下: 1. Local supplies of iron ore have become exhausted; 当地贮备枯竭;
24、2. Old fashioned furnaces for making coke cannot recover valuable by-products; 他们生产焦炭的老式炉不能提取有价值的副产品, 3. Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling mills are often separated from each other and thus cannot perform as well as more compact operation; 高炉、钢铁厂和轧钢厂经常分开,导致不如更紧凑的企业出效益; 4. Many steelworks have
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