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1、1专题十四专题十四 科普知识类阅读科普知识类阅读+ +完形填空完形填空+ +短文改错短文改错.阅读理解A A(2018 吉林长春二模)Sleep repairs the body and the mind and helps prevent disease by strengthening the immune system.However,many adults do not get eight hours of sleep each night.The average sleep time an adult today gets is only 6.4 hours.Only in rece
2、nt years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because cert
3、ain patterns of electrical and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.In one study,thirteen healthy adult subjects(实验对象) who usually had normal sleep patterns were kept awake and carefully monitored in a lab during a period of 35 hours.During
4、 the experiment,the subjects were asked to perform several tasks,such as mathematics and word problems,while undergoing scans of their brain activity.The researchers found that the temporal lobe(颞叶) of the brain,the region involved in language processing,was active during speech tasks in rested subj
5、ects but not in subjects who lacked enough sleep.After several hours without sleep,there was no activity within this region.Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction timethus causing a serious risk of accident.In one study of drivers,re
6、searchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.They found that people who drove after being awake for 17 hours performed worse than those with a blood alcohol level of 0.5 percent,the legal limit for drunk driving in most western European countries.The researchers conc
7、luded that countries with drunk driving laws should consider similar restrictions against sleep-deprived driving.【语篇解读】本文介绍缺少睡眠给人带来的影响。研究表明睡眠剥夺对大脑活动有不利的影响,它和醉酒有同样的危险性。1 1.What does the underlined word “deprivation” in the first paragraph mean?A.Weakness.B.Loss.C.Discomfort.D.Pain.答案 B2解析词义猜测题。根据第一段中
8、“Only in recent years have health professionals begun to realize the seriousness of sleep deprivation in the working population.”的关键词seriousness“严重”,可知是缺觉带来的严重性。画线词的意思是“缺少,损失”,故选 B 项。2 2.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of sleep deprivation EXCEPT . A.jet lagB.long work hoursC.bor
9、ing workD.working at night答案 C解析细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“A significant number of people work at night,work long hours,or suffer from sleeplessness or jet lag.”可知,句中提到了 A、B、D 三项,故选C 项。3 3.What does the author intend to determine by the study described in Paragraph 2?A.How many hours people can survive without
10、 sleep.B.How people react when their sleep is interrupted.C.The changes in brain activity that occurs during sleep.D.The effects of sleep deprivation on brain activity.答案 D解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Studies show that the brain is negatively affected by sleep deprivation because certain patterns of electrical
11、and chemical activity that occur during sleep are interrupted and the brain cannot function normally.”可知,研究目的是确定睡眠剥夺对大脑活动的影响。故选 D 项。4 4.Why does the author mention blood alcohol level in Paragraph 3?A.To show how sleep deprivation reduces the blood alcohol level.B.To show that sleep deprivation has
12、the same dangerous effects as being drunk.C.To suggest that sleep-deprived drivers are also likely to drink.D.To argue against raising the legal limit for drunk driving.答案 B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Several studies show that getting fewer than six hours of sleep can damage short-term memory and reaction timet
13、hus causing a serious risk of accident.In one study of drivers,researchers reported that sleep deprivation had the same effects as being drunk.”可知,作者提到血醇水平是为了表明睡眠剥夺和醉酒有同样的危险性。故选 B 项。B B(2018 广西钦州三模)Americans are worried about new technology.They are concerned that machines,including robots,will take
14、 over work now done by humans.These findings come from a new report by the Pew Research Center of Washington D.C.3About 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew say automation will increase income inequality between the rich and the middle class and the poor.And 64 percent of people expect automati
15、on to be so common in America that people will face difficulty finding things to do with their lives.Some of the concerns about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision.Many Americans believe humans have better judgment in dealing with complex matter
16、s.One example is selecting a person for a job.Three quarters of Americans say they will not want to apply for a job that uses a computer program to choose the most qualified person.Most Americans want the government to limit automation,for example,87 percent support a requirement that all driverless
17、 vehicles have a human in the drivers seat who can take control when needed.And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are dangerous or unhealthy for humans.And only 25 percent expect more jobs to come from automation.Mark Zuckerberg,the co-founder of Facebook,spoke last May to
18、graduating seniors from Harvard University in Massachusetts.His talk centered on the uncertain future facing young people.“Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like self-driving cars and trucks,” Zuckerberg told the graduates.Zuckerberg said young peo
19、ple would have to find projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world.He said in his speech that 300,000 people worked to put a man on the moon,and millions of people built the Hoover Dam as well as other great projects over the last 100 years.【语篇解读】文章介绍了美国人担心随着科技
20、发展机器人会代替人类工作,增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张政府限制机器人的社会现象。5 5.What do Americans think of technology?A.Useful.B.Effective.C.Dangerous.D.Undependable.答案 D解析推理判断题。根据第一段中“Americans are worried about new technology.”,第二段中“About 75 percent of Americans questioned by Pew say.and the poor.”,第三段中“Some of the concerns
21、about technology come from a distrust about whether machines will always make the right decision.”和第四段中“Most Americans want the government to limit automation.”等信息可知美国人对科技的态度,他们担心新技术带来的变化,认为自动化将增加富人、中产阶级和穷人之间的收入差距,主张限制自动化。由以上观点可以看出美国人认为科技是不可信赖的,故选 D 项。6 6.Which of the following do the majority of Am
22、ericans want the government to do?A.Use machines to do dangerous and harmful jobs.B.Increase job chances by introducing machines.4C.Select a person for a job by the computer.D.Get rid of all driverless vehicles.答案 A解析细节理解题。根据第四段中“And 85 percent want to limit machines to mostly doing jobs that are da
23、ngerous or unhealthy for humans.”可知多数美国人希望政府让机器人从事一些危险或对人类不健康的工作,故选 A 项。7 7.What did Zuckerberg encourage the students to do?A.Refuse self-driving vehicles. B.Create new job chances.C.Consider large projects.D.Fight against robots.答案 B解析推理判断题。根据最后一段中“His talk centered on the uncertain future facing
24、young people.Our generation will have to deal with tens of millions of jobs replaced by automation like self-driving cars and trucks,”和“Zuckerberg said young people would have to find projects that would bring both jobs and direct benefits to the people of the world.”可知 Zuckerberg 认为年轻人必须面对许多工作自动化的现
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