White Paper on China International Optical Cable Interconnection(2018).pdf
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1、 White Paper on China International Optical Cable Interconnection (2018) ) ChinaAcademyofInformationandCommunications Technology (CAICT) August2018 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT The copyright of this white paper is owned by CAICT (China Academy of Telecommunication Research of MIIT)and protected by law. If th
2、e text or viewpoints of this white paper are reproduced, excerpted orusedin othermeans, the source shall be marked: CAICT (China Academy of Telecommunication Research of MIIT). If anyone violates the above statement, this Court will pursue his legal liabilities. Foreword International optical cables
3、 are vital to global communications. With the vast majority of international data transmission occurring through submarine optical cables, a countrys degree of international optical cable interconnectedness is critical to its economic competitiveness and standard of living. According to a TeleGeogra
4、phy report, over 95% international data is transmitted this way. Since Chinas first submarine optical cable, which connected with Japan, launched in 1993, submarine optical cables have become the most important way that China connects with the rest of the world. Submarine optical cables from China c
5、an directly connect to North America, coastal Asia, Europe, and Africa, and China has implemented direct network interconnection with key countries such as the US, Japan, Singapore, and the UK1. After years of research and development, Chinas submarine optical cable industry has independent capabili
6、ties in transmission equipment, optical cables manufacture, system integration, and construction and maintenance. The continued promotion and implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is increasing Chinas international interactions, requirements on its networks ability to provide global s
7、ervices, and both opportunities and challenges in the submarine optical cable industry. Chinese enterprises should actively participate in the global laying of submarine optical cables and actively promote the inception and development of related industries. 1China submarine cables refer to the subm
8、arine cables whose operation involves China Telecom, China Unicom, and China Mobile and whose landing points are in China (including mainland China and Hong Kong). Table ofContents 1 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF INTERNATIONAL OPTICAL CABLES . 1 1.1 SUBMARINE OPTICAL CABLES VITAL FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICA
9、TIONS . 1 1.2 FIERCE COMPETITION IN GLOBAL SUBMARINE CABLE MARKET . 2 1.3 INTERNET GIANTS BECOME NEW FORCES IN THE SUBMARINE CABLE CLUB . 4 1.4 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS OF COLLABORATION BETWEEN SUBMARINE CABLES AND DATA CENTERS IS OBVIOUS . 5 1.5 INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLE INTERCONNECTION WILL USHER IN
10、 AN IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT PHASE . 7 2 DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA INTERNATIONAL OPTICAL CABLES . 10 2.1 SURROUNDING COUNTRIES CONNECTED BY CROSS-BORDER TERRESTRIAL CABLES . 10 2.2 KEY COUNTRIES CONNECTED BY INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLES . 11 2.3 BOOMING OPTICAL CABLE INDUSTRY . 14 2.4 INSUFFICIENT DEVELOP
11、MENT IN COMPARISON WITH INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLES . 15 3 PROSPECTS OF CHINA INTERNATIONAL OPTICAL CABLES . 17 3.1 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION INFRASTRUCTURE INTERCONNECTION IS AN IMPORTANT COOPERATIVE CONTENT OF “ THE BELT AND ROAD “ . 17 3.2 INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES AND FLOW OF PRODUCTION FAC
12、TORS TO PROMOTE THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLES . 18 3.3 OVERSEAS BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET ENTERPRISES PROMOTES STRONG DEMAND FOR INTERNATIONAL BANDWIDTH . 20 3.4 CHINAS GEOPOLITICAL ADVANTAGE BREEDS BROAD SPACE FOR SYNERGETIC DEVELOPMENT OF TERRESTRIAL AND SUBMARINE CA
13、BLE . 22 4 RECOMMENDATIONS ON CHINA INTERNATIONAL OPTICAL CABLES . 24 4.1 SERVING BRI AND ACCELERATING THE GLOBAL SUBMARINE CABLE LAYOUT . 24 4.2 OPTIMIZING LANDING STATION LAYING AND COOPERATING TO BUILD SUPPORTING POINTS OF SUBMARINE CABLE NETWORK . 25 4.3 OPTIMIZING POLICIES AND REGULATIONS FOR B
14、ETTER INTERNATIONAL SUBMARINE CABLE DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT . 27 4.4 ENCOURAGING OVERSEAS BUSINESS AND NETWORK TO DEVELOP TOGETHER28 4.5 STRENGTHENING INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND EXPLORING THE SUBMARINE CABLE CONNECTION MODE . 29 CAICTWhite Paper on China International Optical Cable Interconnectio
15、n 1 1 Development Trends of International Optical Cables 1.1 Submarine Optical Cables Vital for International Communications The earths geography necessitates submarine optical cables for effective international communications. The earth is a huge sphere, and the oceans cover about 71% of its surfac
16、e. There is no land route between the Americas, the Eurasian landmass, and Australia, and Africa and Oceania are not conveniently accessed without submarine cables either. Out of the nearly 200 countries on earth, there are only 44 landlocked countries with no coastline, preventing their direct subm
17、arine cable access. However, landlocked countries generally have a small population. The largest landlocked country by landmass Kazakhstan, which has an area of nearly 3 million square kilometers but a population of less than 20 million. Even Ethiopia, the most populous landlocked country, has a pop
18、ulation of only about 100 million. Currently, international communications mainly rely on submarine cables. Over 95% of international communications traffic is transmitted through them. The importance of submarine cables in international communications is self-evident. The leading role of submarine
19、cables in international communication will not change. In addition to submarine cables, international communications are made possible by terrestrial cables and satellites. White Paper on China International Optical Cable InterconnectionCAICT 2 Landlocked countries cannot build submarine cable landi
20、ng stations due to their lack of coastline. Therefore, they generally use land cables and satellites. In recent years, satellite communications have developed rapidly, and new satellite Internet service providers such as O3b have emerged. However, the bandwidth they provide is significantly lower th
21、an that of submarine cables, and the market is limited to remote islands and landlocked countries. Compared with submarine cables, terrestrial cables are cheaper to construct and maintain. However, due to the lack of joint operation mode, terrestrial cables are limited to communication between adjac
22、ent countries. Terrestrial cable networking across multiple countries is not mature and no success stories are yet available. It is likely that over a long period of time, submarine cables will still play a leading role in international communications. 1.2 Fierce Competition in Global Submarine Cabl
23、e Market Resources, policies, and geographical factors accelerate the formation of submarine cable centers. Currently, the US, UK, Japan, Singapore, and Hong Kong are becoming the starting points or key nodes of many international submarine cables because of their advantages such as geographical rea
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