初级中学定语从句详解及其练习附答案.doc
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1、 定语从句详解及练习附答案 第一部分:基础知识 (一) 定语从句概述 定语可以由形容词,代词,数词,名词,不定式,介词短语来充当。如果是一个句子担任定 语,那么这个句子就叫做定语从句,又可称为形容词性从句。 定语从句通常修饰某一名词或代词,被定语从句修饰的这一名词或代词叫先行词,它位于定 语从句之前,定语从句在先行词后面,应尽量紧跟先行词。定语从句的作用即在于对先行词 进行限定说明或补充说明。 (二) 定语从句的引导词。 定语从句的引导词分为两类,关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose )和关系副词( when, where, why ) ,引导词在先行词和定语从
2、句之间,既起连接作用,即连接先行词和定 语从句,更重要的是,它又在定语从句中作一个成分。 (三) 关系代词 1. that 指人,物,在从句中作主语,宾语,表语。This is the photo that I took in the country.He is the singer that I met yesterday. 2. which 指物,在从句中作主语,宾语,在非限定定语从句中充当定语,或者代替前句 The film which we saw last night was moving. 3. who 指人,在从句中作主语,宾语。 The person who visited o
3、ur classroom yesterday was our new headmaster. The man who you just talked to is Tom. 4. whom 指人,在从句中作宾语。That is the professor whom you want to know. 5. whose 指人,物,在从句中作定语,相当于先行词+ s, 后接一名词。I know the boy whose parents are dead.I dont like those cities whose roads are dirty. 注:关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。 (四) 关
4、系副词关系副词在从句中作状语,有时相当于介词+which,其中 which 指代先行词不可以指 示整个句子。 when 指时间,在从句中作时间状语,相当于 at/ on/ in/ during which. Ill never forget the day when (on which ) I reached the top of the Huangshan Mountain. where 指地点,在从句中作地点状语,相当于 at/ in / to/ which. This is the school where( at which ) I studied. why 指原因,在从句中作原因状语
5、,相当于 for which. Thats the real reason why (for which ) he was late. 第二部分:关系代词的特殊用法 关系代词指物时, 用 that 而不用 which 的情况: 1 . 先行词为 something ,anything ,nothing ,everything 以及 all , much , little , a lot , none , few 等不定代词时。 Eg: My mother was so proud of all that I didt 2 . 先行词有 the last , the very , the onl
6、y 以及 all , much , few , no , any ,little 等修饰时。 e.g. This is the very book that Im looking for . 3 . 先行词为序数词、形容词最高级(或所修饰)时。e.g. This is the most exciting film that Ive ever seen .When people talk about Hangzhou , the first that comes to their mind is the West Lake . 4 . the same 修饰先行词时 , 定语从句要用 that
7、或 as 引导 , 但意义不同。e.g. This is the same watch as I lost last Sunday . (表示相同但并非同一)This is the same knife that I used yesterday . (表示就是那个) 6 . There be 后面的定语从句多用 that 引导 , 不用 which 。e.g. Theres a seat in the corner that is still free . 7 . 句子前面出现了 who , which 时 , 后面的定语从句用 that 引导。e.g. They built a facto
8、ry which made some new products that had never been seen before .Who is the man that you were talking about just now ? 8 . 关系代词在定语从句作表语时, 常用 that , 而不用 which 、who 。 e.g. My home town is not the small village that it was 10 years ago .Tom isnt the man that he used to be 9. 先行词既有人又有物时, 只能用 that。e.g. D
9、o you remember the book and its author that appeared on TV last Sunday (二) 关系代词指人时, 有时只用 who ,而不用 that。 1 . 先行词为指人的代词 one , those , the man,以及人称代词如 he 等。e.g. Those who are often late for school should be punished .He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man . 2 . 先行词为 someone (somebody), no
10、 one (nobody), anyone (anybody), everyone (everybody) 。e.g. Anyone who would like to attend the party should come on time . 3 . 先行词指人时, 如有序数词, 最高级, the very , the only ,the last 等修饰 , 定语从句既可用 that 也可用 who 引导。e.g. He is the first student who / that worked out the problem . (三) 关系代词 whose 的用法: 1 . who
11、se 在从句中作定语 ,表示“先行词的” ,既可指人,也可指物。e.g. John is my best friend , whose father is a scientist .The old man lived in the house whose window was broken .The boss , in whose company my father worked , was very friendly to the workers . 2 . whose 可以转换为 of which(物)和 of whom(人) 。e.g. 1) The dictionary whose c
12、over is missing is mine . ( 划线部分可改为 the cover of which 或 of which the cover )2) They also invited Mr Wang , whose car was stolen last Sunday . ( 划线部分可改为 the car of whom 或 of whom the car ) (四) which 的特殊用法: 1. 关系代词 which 引导的非限制性定语从句 , 有时不是修饰某个先行词 , 而是指代主句的 全部或部分内容 。特别注意,非限定定语从句中 prep+which 时,which 只能
13、指代先行词, 不可以指代句子。e.g. 1) In China , you sometimes get a hot damp cloth to clean your face and hands , which ,however , is not the custom in western countries . Helen often came late , which made the class teacher angry . 2 . which 有时可在定语从句中作定语 , 含义上相当于指示代词 this / that 。e.g. 1) He stayed in England for
14、 5 years , during which time he learned English well . 2) It may rain hard tomorrow , in which case I wont go fishing .注意 :which 的这种用法与 whose 作定语不同 。whose 表示“ 先行词的 ”。e.g. Theyre talking about a film , whose name I have forgotten . 3 . 以介词结尾的动词不定式作定语时 , 可借关系代词 which 把介词前置。e.g. 1) Tomorrow would be Ch
15、ristmas Day , and she had only $ 1.87 with which to buy Jim a present .32 Those poor people had no houses to live in / in which to live . 注:如果先行词指人,关系代词用 whom 。e.g. I want to find a person to travel to England with / with whom to travel to England . (五) 关系代词 as 的用法: 1. 引导限制性定语从句: 当先行词有 such , so , t
16、he same 等修饰时, 关系代词要用 as ; as 在从句中可作主语,宾语 和表语。 e.g. 1) . I have never seen such a kind girl as she is .2) . He is such a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) as every student respects .比较:He is such a good teacher ( so good a teacher ) that every student respects him . ( 此句为 such / so that 引导的结果状语从句 )3
17、) . Such a student as often studies hard is sure to pass this exam .4) . He bought the same bike as I did last week . 区别 that I did last week 2. 引导非限制性定语从句: as 不修饰某个先行词,而是指代主句的全部或部分内容 ,可译为“这一点,此事;正如” , 或不译。这种从句可位于句首、句中或句尾 。常见于 as we all know , as has been said above ,as is usual ,as is often the cas
18、e , as everybody can see , as is known to us all 等结构。 e.g. 1) . He has passed the exam , as is a pleasure to us .2) . As we all know , the earth moves around the sun .3) . This experiment , as you had expected , succeeded at last . 3. 如前所述 , which 也可引导这种从句 , 两者常可互换。(非限定性定语从句谓语句末且指 代前面的主句)e.g. 1). Th
19、ose two students are wearing the same clothes , which / as is very interesting .2). They came to the party on time , as / which had been expected .但在以下两种情况下有区别 :1) . as 从句可位于句首(或主句前) , 而 which 从句只能在主句后。e.g. _ is often the case , we have worked out the production plan . A . Which B . When C . What D
20、. As 2) . 关系代词作主语时, 如果从句的谓语是及物动词+宾语的结构, 则只能用 which 。e.g. His father died in a traffic accident , which made us greatly surprised .3)当 which 在从句中指代的事先行词而不是主句,只能用 whiche.g. The car, which we saw on the playground, is Mikes. 第四部分:关系副词的特殊用法 关系副词 when , where , why 的用法: 1. 关系代词 (which / that) 与关系副词 (when
21、, where, why) 的选取方法: 当先行词是定语从句中的主语或宾语时,选用关系代词。关系代词指代先行词,并代替先行 词在从句中作主语或宾语。 如果先行词不是定语从句中的主语或宾语, 先行词前面需要加上一个介词才能在从句中作成 分的时候, 选用关系副词。 关系副词在从句中作状语,常可转换为“介词 + which”。e.g. 1) Do you remember the day which / that we spent in the mountain village ? Do you remember the day when (= on which ) we visited the m
22、ountain village ?2) This is the factory which / that we visited last year . This is the factory where (= in which ) he worked last year .3) We dont believe the reason which / that he gave for his coming late . We dont know the reason why (= for which ) he has changed his mind .2. 关系副词 where 的从句还可以修饰
23、 point,situation,case,activity , scene , stage 等地点 意味不明显的先行词。关系副词 when 的从句可以修饰 occasion , stay 等时间意味不明显的先 行词。关系副词 why 只修饰 reason 这一个先行词。e.g. 1) Now you can see weve come to the point where a change is badly needed . 2) Today well discuss some cases where beginners of English fail to use it properly
24、.3) There are few occasions when my students cant understand what I teach in class . 3. when 和 where 在少数情况下可作介词宾语。e.g. 1) . The naughty boy was hidden behind the door , from where he saw his mother walking into the house .( where 指代 behind the door 。不能换为 which ,因为 which 只能指代 the door )2) . They went
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