牛津译林版八年级英语全册语法知识点总结(共17页).docx

精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上8A语法Unit 1 Friends形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则 1.规则变化: (1)一般形容词 +er +est (shorter, smaller, smallest )(2)以 e 结尾的形容词 +r +st (nicer, larger, largest)(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词 变 y 为 i 再 +er, est (busier, busiest; heavier, heaviest) (4)以重读闭音节结尾的形容词 双写辅音字母+er, est 熟记：大（big)热（hot）天,一个穿红（red）衣浑身湿（wet）透的伤感（sad）胖（fat） 子想要变得又瘦（thin）又苗条（slim）2.不规则变化 (1)good(well)-better-best (2) many(much)-more-most (3)ill(bad, badly)-worse-worst (4) far-farther (further)-farthest (furthest) (5) little-less-least (6) few-fewer-fewest 3.多音节的形容词比较级和最高级在词前加 more , most delicious-more delicious-the most delicious popular-more popular-the most popular 注意: 1 形容词的最高级前必须有 the, 而副词的最高级前 the 可省略 2.比较级前常用 a bit, a little, much, a lot, even, far 等词表示程度. 3.形容词比较级用来比较两者(人或事)句中常有 than; 形容词最高级用来比 较三者或三者以上(人或事), 句中常有 in 或 of 短语表示比较范围. 4. as+adj.+as (和-一样-) / not as/so +adj.+ as (不如-，不及-) Unit 2 School life 一、比较事物的数量1.many (修饰可数名词）much (修饰不可数名词）-more -mostmore + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + than 比数量多e.g. I have more friends than you. 2.few (修饰可数名词) -fewer-fewestlittle (修饰不可数名词）-less-leastfewer +可数名词复数+ than 比数量少 e.g. There are fewer boys than girls in our class.less + 不可数名词+than 比数量少 e.g. I spend less money on food than my sister.3.the fewest +可数名词复数  在中最少 He has the fewest books. 4.the least +不可数名词    在中最少 She has the least money of us. 5.the most + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 最多 Daniel has the most money.二、副词的比较级和最高级（构成方法及用法与形容词基本相同）1.一般在词尾直接加er或est，例如， hard-harder-hardest fast-faster-fastest loud-louder-loudest2、部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比较级和most构成最高 级，例如: slowly-more slowly-most slowly clearly-more clearly-most clearly carefully-more carefully-most carefully3、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化 well-better-best badly-worse-worstfar-farther/further-farthest/furthestUnit 3 A day out一、 asas的用法表示A与B在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词/副词原级。 (1)肯定句中的结构：“A+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”， 和某人或某物一样.的如：English is as interesting as Chinese. 英语和语文一样有趣。 Dan studies as hard as his brother. Dan和他的哥哥学习一样刻苦。(2)否定句中的结构：“A+not as /so+形容词/副词原级+as+B”， 表示”A不如B” 如：This book isn't as/so new as that one. 这本书不如那本书新。 Jim doesn't dance as/so well as Daniel. 吉姆没有丹尼尔跳舞跳得好。(3) not as/so .as 是同级比较，可以和比较级互相转换例如： Nanjing is not as/so big as Shanghai. = Nanjing is smaller than Shanghai. = Shanghai is bigger than Nanjing.Diving isnt as interesting as swimming. = Diving is less interesting than swimming. = Swimming is more interesting than diving. (4)只有同类的事物才能比较His house is as big as me.(×)His house is as big as mine.()(5)表示“A是B的倍”时，用“A+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。 （一倍：once;二倍：twice; 三倍以上：数字+times） 如：Our school is three times as big as theirs. 我们学校是他们学校的三倍大。 The table is twice as long as that one. 这张桌子是那张桌子的两倍长。二、反身代词的用法1.单 数 复数myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself themselvesherselfitself2.常和反身代词连用的动词短语。enjoy oneself 过得开心，玩得愉快 look after oneself = take care of oneself 照顾自己 hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 help oneself to 请随便吃wash oneself 洗澡 make by oneself 自己做 , 独立完成dress oneself穿衣 buy for oneself / buy oneself sth给自己买东西 look at oneself in the mirror照镜子 say to oneself 自言自语 来源:学科网 teach oneself= learn by oneself 自学 hide oneself隐藏某人自己come to oneself苏醒 make yourself at home 别拘束 leave sb by oneself 把某人单独留下 lose oneself 迷失方向，迷路(1)for oneself （用作副词）1) 为了自己，例如：   She kept the biggest piece of pie for herself. 她把最大的一块馅饼给了自己。2) 亲自，独自，独立（做），相当于 without being helped，与by oneself 同义。例如：   You should work out the problem for yourself. 你应该独立解决这个问题。(2)by oneself （用作副词）1) 独自一人(= alone),例如：   She used to sit by herself and read. 她从前常常独自坐着看书。 2) 独立地，单独地=without help，与for oneself 同义。如：   He finished it by himself. 他独立完成那件事。注意：反身代词和它所指代的对象在人称、性别、数上必须保持一致。反身代词在句中不能单独作主语。Unit 4 Do it yourself一、祈使句的用法1.定义：祈使句表示命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等，谓语动词用原形，其否定形式就是在句首加Don't。2.祈使句的类型：(1)行为动词类型：Open the door，please!请把门打开！Don't open the door，please!请不要开门！(2)以let开头的祈使句：Let me go there.让我去那儿吧。(3)“Be+形容词”类型：Be careful! 小心！(4)“No+名词动名词”类型：No smoking! 禁止吸烟!(5)祈使句的反义疑问句的简略疑问句，一般用will you?但是Lets.句型后加shall we?二、用should，had better等提建议。(1) Would you likelove(to do) sth.?这是一个很委婉的表示建议的句型，并带有与对方商量的意味，意为“你想要（做）吗？”。(2) Shall Iwe do sth？此句型是用来提建议或征求对方意见的，意为“我（们）做好吗？”，语气委婉，商量的语气较浓。(3)Let's do sth.当你觉得可以直截了当地向对方提出建议，让对方和自己一起去做某事时，常用该句型，意为“咱们做吧。”该句型后常加附加问句“shall we?”，使语气更加委婉。(4)主语+had better (not) do sth.该句型用于表示对下级、晚辈的劝告，往往带有命令、强制的语气，意为“某人最好（不要）做某事”。(5) Why don't you/we do sth.？表示向对方提出一种建议或询问某种原因，暗含有责备对方的意思，意为“为什么不？”。(6) What/How about (doing) sth.?如果是在讨论式的谈话中，可用该句型提出一个建议或引出一个新话题。(7) You should (not) do.,此句型意为“你（不）应该做”。should的语气比had better要委婉。Unit 5 Wild animals一、情态动词may的用法1、当我们猜测某事发生的可能性时，常用may来表示“也许”、“可能”。may表示“可能”时，通常只用于肯定句和否定句中，相当于possibly、perhaps或maybe。The news may be true.= Maybe Perhaps the news is true. 这个新闻可能是真的。The news may not be true.= Maybe Perhaps the news isnt true.这个新闻可能不是真的。He is away on business. He may not come to the party this evening.他出差了，可能不来参加今天晚上的聚会。2、我们可以用情态动词may来表示许可。You may have the cake now. 现在你可以吃蛋糕了。May I see the letter? 我可以看看这封信吗？Yes, you can/may. 是的，你可以。或No, you cant/may not/mustnt. 不，你不能/不允许。3、must may can 表示可能性时的区别must表示推测“可能性”时，意思是“一定、准是”，语气较肯定，较有把握。must表推测只能用于肯定句。He must know my address. 他肯定知道我的地址。（一定）can表示推测“可能性”时，往往用于否定句或疑问句。cant表示“一定不、肯定不”的意思，语气很肯定。can在疑问句中意思是“会、可能”，询问某种可能。He cant know my address. 他肯定不知道我的地址。（一定不）Can he know my address? 他知道我的地址吗？（询问可能性）may表示推测“可能性”时，语气没有must肯定，通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。may意思是“可能”、“也许”， may not意思是“可能不”、“也许不”。二、动词不定式作宾语1、动词不定式概述动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”，否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称，数和时态的变化。在句子中不能作谓语，但可以充当除谓语之外的任何成分（主语、表语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语等）。2、动词不定式做宾语注意点agree, choose, decide, hope, learn, plan, prepare, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish等动词后直接跟动词不定式作宾语。有的动词（如begin, start, like等）既可接动词不定式作宾语，也可接动词-ing形式作宾语，且含义基本相同。“疑问词（how, what, where, which, when等）+ 动词不定式”结构可跟在一些动词（tell, show, teach, know等）后作宾语。如果作宾语的动词不定式很长，为了保持句子平衡，可用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语（动词不定式）后置。有的动词既可接动词不定式作宾语，也可接动词-ing形式作宾语，但意义区别比较明显，如：forget/remember to do sth.（忘记/记住要做某事）；forget/remember doing sth.（忘记/记得做过某事）；stop to do sth.（停下来去做另一件事）；stop doing sth.（停止正在做的事）。Unit 6 Birdwatching动词不定式一、动词不定式在句子中作的成分1、动词不定式作目的状语动词不定式可以表示某一动作或状态的目的，为了使表达更加清楚或对目的加以强调，还可以用in order to。2、动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式可以来说明宾语的情况，在句中作宾语补足语。动词不定式作宾语补足语，有带to和不带to两种形式。常跟带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：ask、tell、order、invite、get等。常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有：感官动词hear、feel、see、watch、notice等，使役动词let、make和have。动词help后面的动词不定式可带to，也可不带to。3、动词不定式作宾语有些动词直接以带to的不定式结构作宾语，如agree、choose、decide等4、动词不定式作主语句首用形式主语it，真正作主语的不定式短语放在句后。5、动词不定式作定语不定式作定语时，往往放在被修饰的名词之后。二、用不定式表示目的，用 in order to表示目的A.“动词+宾语+不定式”结构，即，动词+宾语+to do（不定式）可用这类结构的常用动词有 advise, allow, ask, bear, beg, bother, cause, command, determine, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, order, permit, persuade, prefer, request, remind, request, teach, tell, trouble, want, warn, wish等。B.不需要加to的动词：使役动词：make, let等感官动词：see, hear等Unit 7 Seasons动词及五种基本句型1、连系动词主要是指be动词、感官动词（look、sound、feel、smell、taste）和表示“变、变成”的动词（become、get、grow、turn）2、行为动词中，及物动词后带1.一个宾语，S+V+O; 2.人和物，S+V+IO+DO; 3.宾语和对宾语的行为和状态补充说明的成分，与宾语形成逻辑上的主谓关系，S+V+DO+OC.另外，间接宾语常可以改成一个由to/for引导的短语：He gave me some food.= He gave some food to me.I will buy Mum a present.= I will buy a present for Mum.(注意：能与to搭配的动词有：bring、feed、give、hand、lend、offer、pass、pay、post、read、sell、send、show、take、teach、tell、write等等。能与for搭配的单词有：bring、build、buy、cook、find、get、leave、make、order、pick、save等等。)来源:学.科.网3、语法顺口溜：句子主干有规律，先看谓语来确定，连系动词S+V+P；其它动词看宾语，单独一个S+V+DO,人物双宾IO+DO,主谓宾补DO+OC. 1. The temperature drops. (只有谓语动词，S+V) 2.Farmers harvest crops.（及物动词+一个宾语，S+V+O） 3.Autumn leaves turn brown.(连系动词，S+V+P) 4.Hobo brought Eddie his clothes.(人物双宾，S+V+IO+DO) 5.Eddie is watching Hobo work.（主谓逻辑，S+V+DO+OC)Unit 8 Natural disasters1.过去进行时1) 掌握过去进行时was / were + doing 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作，其肯定、否定和疑问形式如下：was/were(+not)ing form肯定、否定Iwas(+not)dancing.You/We/Theywere(+not)He/She/Itwas(+not)疑问Was Idancing?Wereyou/we/theyWashe/she/it肯定回答Yes,Iwas.you/we/theywere.he/she/itwas.否定回答No,Iwas not/wasnt.you/we/theywere not/werenthe/she/itwas not/wasnt.2.when, while, as的用法及区别A. 当两个延续的动作同时发生，两个句子都可用过去进行时来表示，用while连接。B. 当一个延续的动作正在发生的时候，另外一个瞬间动作发生了，用“when”连接，较长的动词用过去进行时，较短动词用一般过去时,when释为：“就在那时”C. As的同时进行主要表示动作发生的背景或条件，意思为“随着”；“一边，一边”8B 语法Unit 1 Past and Present1、现在完成时的肯定句、否定句的构成（以实义动词work为例）肯定句：I/We/You/They have (I/We/You/Theyve) worked.否定句：I/We/You/They have not (I/We/You/They havent) worked.肯定句：He/She/ It has(Hes/Shes/Its) worked.否定句：He/She/It has not(hasnt) worked.2、现在完成时的一般疑问句及其简略答语（肯定、否定）的构成一般疑问句： Have I/we/you/they worked?肯定简略答语：Yes, I/we/you/they have.否定简略答语：No, I/we/you/they have not(havent).一般疑问句： Has he/she/ it worked?肯定简略答语：Yes, he/ she/it has.否定简略答语：No, he/she/it has not (hasnt).3、现在完成时的用法用法1：过去开始发生的动作或存在的状况一直延续到现在例句：They have waited for more than two hours.他们等了两个多小时。 He has been an English teacher since 2002.自从2002年以来他一直当英语教师。特别提示：常用的标志词有：for two days/ weeks, for a long time, since last year/ 2005用法2：表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响例句：Ive already mailed the letter.那封信我已经寄出。Have you ever eaten French cheese? 你（曾经）吃过法国奶酪吗？Has it stopped raining yet? 雨已经停了吗？（yet表示期待雨停止）I have just finished my homework. 我刚做完家庭作业。特别提示：常用标志词有：already(用于肯定句),never(用于否定句)，ever(用于疑问句，问初次经历)，yet(用于否定句、疑问句)，just(位于实义动词前)，before（一般位于句末）用法3：过去发生的动作，到现在为止这一时间段中，多次动作的总和或所做工作量的积累例句：She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.她真的很喜欢那部电影。她已看了八遍了。（多次动作的总和） We have learned three English songs this term.这学期我们已经学了三首英语歌曲了。（所做工作量的积累）4、现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语:1)副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中， yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。 e.g. We have finished our homework. 2)副词ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中，表示“曾经”或“从未“等。 e.g. Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗?3)用just表示到说话时为止的时间状语, e.g. I have just seen her, but I dont know where she is now .注意：当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时，在转换成否定句或疑问句时，要把句中的already 或just 去掉，在句末加上yet. Unit 2 Travelling1.have/has been 和have/ has gone 的用法have/has been（to）、gone（ to）、been （in）三者之间的根本区别：have/has been to 表示当事人曾经去过某地have/has been in 强调当事人在某地待过一段时间have/has gone to 强调说话时当事人不在现场，去了某地 来源:学。科。网注意用法：been (to) + 地点+次数 been (in) + 地点 + 段时间/句子 2.和for 或since 连词的动词现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态, 一直持续到现在, 也许还将继续下去, 可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用, 即for + 一段时间, since + 时间点/ 从句, in the past ten years等, 谓语只能用延续性动词. 注意：1）动词必须是延续性/持续性动词-动作具有延续性.e.g. work, wait, study, know learn, copy, talk, lie, have, visit.2）动词是短暂性动词,必须把它改为延续性动词或延续性的状态. come, go, arrive, get to, return-be in / at die-be dead ; open (v.) -be open (adj.) close- be closed join- be in/ be a member of  be a member; be in, be with buy- have borrow- keep get up-be up wake up-be awake fall asleep/get to sleep- be asleep leave- be away ; leave s.w.-be away from s.w catch /get/ take a cold - have a cold become -be finish - be over; begin / start - be on begin to do- do move to -live in end-be over turn on /off-sth. be on/off return, come, back, get back, go back -be back hear from, get ( receive) a letter from - Have a letter from get, turn, become (变得，成为)作系动词 -be get married-be marriedUnit 3 Online tour一般过去时和现在完成时的区别：1、一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作，但是在具体语境中，这两种时态有明显区别。2、一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。如：I went to Beijing last month. 我上个月去北京的。Tom was in China in 2008. 2008年汤姆在中国。3、现在完成时表示过去的动作持续到现在或对现在产生影响。Mr. Lin has taught in this school since he graduated from college.The kitchen is very clean. Who has cleaned it? 注意：（1） 一般过去时常与过去点时间连用。如：yesterday, last week, two years ago,just now, in 2008， the other day, when he was born等。（2） 现在完成时通常和一些副词或一段时间状语连用。如：ever, never, just, already, yet, many times, before, these days, recently, so far, over/in/during the last/ past few years, since, for等。(3)现在完成时与段时间状语搭配时要注意短暂性动词转化成持续性动词。I have kept this book for a week. My father has been in Beijing since two days ago. (4) 常见的短暂性动词与持续性动词的转化：buyhave had, borrowhave kept, openhave been open, closehave been closed, begin/starthave been on, finish/endhave been over, go/ come to sp. have been in sp., get to/reach/arrive at sp. have been in sp., catch a cold/virus have had a cold/virus, marry sb./get married to sb. have been married to sb. leavehave been away (from sp.), fall asleephave been asleep, wake uphave been awake, begin/start to do sth. have done sth.Unit 4A good read一、”疑问词+动词不定式”结构作动词的宾语.(1)疑问词包括疑问代词what,which,who和疑问副词how,when,where等.常和此结构连用的动词有：know, learn, see, hear, ask, advise, decide,explain, forget, remember, think, understand, wonder等(2)有些动词,如advise, ask, show, teach, tell等,其后可以接双宾语.  Please tell me how to get there.(3)有些疑问词,如what,which,whose,how many, how much等,其后可以先接一个名词,再接动词不定式.  She wondered how many subjects to choose.(4)在此结构前,有时也可以是如sure,clear等的形容词.  I am not sure which way to take.(5)此结构在句子中还可以作主语和表语.  The problem is when to leave the place.(6)此结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句.  I dont know what to do.= I dont know what I should do.注意: 所有疑问句中,why不能与动词不定式连用.二、must/have to的用法 must表示主观的义务和必要,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,意思是“必须,得,要”. must的否定式must not表示禁止,意思是”不能,不许”. must还可以表示肯定猜测,意思是”一定”. have to 表示一种客观的需求，意思是不得不. have to 有人称和数的变化.have to的否定式是dont have to.Unit 5 Good mannersenough的用法 你年龄足够大了可以了解礼仪了。You are old enough to learn about manners. Enough+noun./adj./adv.+enough英国人太有礼貌而不会在公共场所大叫。British people are too polite to shout loudly in public.enough to do 足够而做某事too.to do. 太.而不能做某事sothat 如此以致suchthat 如此以致他太小了不能上学。（三种）He is too young to go to school.=He is not old enough to go to school.=He is so young that he cant go to school.这个房间太小了十个人住不下。（四种） The room is too small for ten people to live in.=The room is not old enough for ten people to live in.=The room is so small that ten people cant live in it.=Its such a small room that ten people cant live in it .Unit6 Sunshine for all一、It is + adjective + to-infinitive 在该句式中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式短语。这种句式也可用动词不定式或动名词放在句首直接做主语。如：It is wrong to look down on the disabled people .=To look /Looking down on the disabled people is wrong .二、It is + adjective + for+to-infinitive在该句型中，it是形式主语，for引出不定式的逻辑主语sb. ；表语形容词只是说明不定式的特征而