【医学免疫学】【神经生物学】整理的英文资料.doc

【医学免疫学医学免疫学】 【神经生物学神经生物学】整理的英文资料整理的英文资料1.Comparison of innate immune and adaptive immune:CharacteristicsCellsMoleculesInnate immunity Responds rapidly shortNatural polypeptide; polysaccharides Size8-12aa(CD8+T);12-17aa(CD4+T)5-15 aa; 5-7monosaccharides typeLinear determinantConformational/linear determination LocationEverywhere of AgSurface of Ag3.the concepts of TD-Ag and TI-Ag and comparison between them TD-Ag: Thymus-dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells. Proteins are thymus -dependent antigens. TI-Ag: Thymus-independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help. Polysaccharides are TI- antigens. TD-AgTI-AgT cell helpNecessaryinnecessary EpitopeB cell Virus reverse transcriptase proteinProtein, polyhexoseTCR binding siteCD1、CD2 of TCR VCDR3 of TCR , chainMHC binding site(-helix)outsidepeptide-binding cleftMHC restriction-+T cell activity rate1/20-1/51/105-1/106Character of immuno responseStimulate T cell directlyBe presented by APC to T cells5.Functions of immunoglobulin: 1)Recognition and binding to antigens, neutralization of toxins and microbes. 2)Binding to Fc receptor of cells, mediating opsonization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity Medicating Type I hypersensitivity as well. 3)Complement acitvation 4)Passing through the placenta and mucosal. 6.Three complement activation pathways (refer to the book and notes) 7.The general properties of cytokine. 1) Small proteins (MW: approx. 15-30 KD) 3) Extremely potent, acting at 10-910-15M 4) The production is transient and tightly regulated 5) Acting through autocrine (e.g. IL-2), paracrine (e.g. IL-12) or endocrine (e.g. IL-1 and TNF-) 6) Non-specific and non-MHC restricted 7) The properties of cytokine actions: Pleiotropyone cytokine can acts on more than one cell type; Redundancymore than one cytokine have the same action （e.g. IL-2, IL-7, IL-15）Synergytwo or more cytokines cooperate to produce an effect that is different or greater than the combined effect of the two cytokines when functioning separately (e.g.IL-3 and CSF) Antagonismtwo or more cytokines work against each other (e.g. IL-4 and IFN-) 8.Biologic functions of cytokines 1) Anti-bacteria 2) Anti-virus 3) Mediation and regulation of adaptive immunity 4) Stimulation of hemopoiesis 5) killing target cell, apoptosis 6) Angiogenesis 9. Functions of CAM1) Serving as co-receptors and providing co-stimulatory signals in immune cells recognition and activation 2) Adhesion between leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells in inflammation 3) Lymphocyte homing and recirculation 10. Biological function of HLA 1) Participate in the adaptive immune response serving as antigen presenting molecules(double recognition; autoimmunity and differentiation of T cells; disease susceptibility determination; genetic heterogeneity) 2) Participate in the innate immunity serving as regulatory molecules(Classical MHC class III complement; HLA-E,G regulate activity of NK cells; inflammation related genes) 11. Subtypes of B cellsubtypeB1 cellB2 cellCD5 expression+- Mode of renewalSelf-renewingProdeued from bone marrow Isotypes secretedIgM>>IgGIgG>IgM Requirement of T cell helpNoYes Somatic hypermutationLow/nonehigh Memory developmentLittle/noneYes12. The process of B cell activation in response to TD-Ag1) B cells recognize TD-Aga. BCR directly recognizes B cell epitopes ; b. Ig/Igtransfer signal 1; c. Signaling pathways; d. effect of coreceptors ( CD21/19/81). 2) Role of Th cells in humoral immune response to TD-Aga. Activation and migration of helper T cells; b. Presentation of Ags by B cells to Th cells;c. Th cell-mediated activation of B cell (co-stimulatory molecules)d. Th cells stimulate B cells to produce Abs of different heavy chain classes (isotypes);e. Affinity maturation in Ab responses (selection of high affinity B cells). 13. General features of Ab responses in vivo Primary immune responseLonger latent phase;Smaller peak response (lower Ab titer);Remaining in the serum at detectable Levels for much shorter periods;Lower average affinity;Usually IgM;Secondary immune response Shorter latent phase; Bigger peak response (higher Ab titer); Remaining in the serum at detectable Levels for much longer periods; Higher average affinity; Usually IgG. 14. How do CD8+ T cells (CTL) directly kill target cells?1) Cytolysis (necrosis) - three stages: a. Contact phase: recognition of antigen in the context of MHC class I moleculesb. Secretory phase: release of cytolytic granules (perforin and granzymes)c. Lysis phase: osmotic death2) Induce cell apoptosisa. FasL-Fas: CTLs express FasL, interacting with Fas on target cells activation of caspase 8 apoptosisb. Granzymes caspase 10 apoptosis 15. The general process of CD4+ T cell mediated immune response1) Antigen recognitiona. Ag is presented by APC b, Interaction between APC and T cell, including non specific binding of APC co-receptor-MHC; co-stimulatory molecules; T cell synapse or immunological synapse). 2) Activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells a. ·The first signal: TCR-antigen peptide-MHC complex (double recognition)·The second signal (co-stimulating signal): Interactions between co-stimulatory molecules on APC and corresponding receptors on T cells. E.g.CD28/CTLA-4 -B7; LFA-1-ICAM-1; CD2-LFA-3 ·Cytokines take part in T cell activation: IL-1,2,6,12 b. Signal transduction in T cell activation c. Proliferation and differentiation of T cells 3）Effector functions of activated T cells Questions: 1.Please describe the concepts of TD-Ag and TI-Ag respectively and compare the differences between TD- Ag and TI-Ag. Thymus -dependent antigens are those that do not directly stimulate the production of antibody without the help of T cells. B cell epitope T cell epitope Humoral immunity and cellular immunityAntibody :five types Immune memoryProteins are thymus -dependent antigens. Thymus -independent antigens are antigens which can directly stimulate the B cells to produce antibody without the requirement for T cell help In general.only B cell epitope Humoral immunity Antibody: IgM No Immune memorypolysaccharides are TI- antigens. 2.Please describe the general properties of cytokine. General properties of CKs Small proteins (MW: approx. 15-30 KD) Extremely potent, acting at pM or fM The production is transient and tightly regulated Autocrine, paracrine or endocrine Non-specific and non-MHC restricted3.What are the rules of antibody production in vivo? (What are the general features of antibody responses in vivo?) B cell and HMI ppt P65.表格作参考，表格下的文字为主。BPrimary responseSecondary responseLag after immunizationUsually 5-10 daysUsually 1-3 daysPeak responseSmallerLargerAntibody isotypeUsually IgM>IgGRelative increase in IgG and, under certain situations, in IgA or IgE (heavy chain class switching)Antibody affinityLower average affinity, more variableHigher average affinity (affinity maturation)Primary immune response- longer latent phase;- smaller peak response (lower Ab titer);- remaining in the serum at detectable levels for much shorter periods;- lower average affinity;- usually IgM; Secondary immune response (The immune response followed by secondary antigenic challenge)- shorter latent phase;- bigger peak response (higher Ab titer);- remaining in the serum at detectable levels for much longer periods;- higher average affinity;- usually IgG.4.Please describe the general process of CD4+ T cell mediated immune response. 5.Please describe the components and pathogenic mechanism involved in type hypersensitivity. Components involved in type I hypersensitivityAllergens are proteins or chemicals bound to proteins that induce IgE antibody responses and elicit an immediate hypersensitivity (allergic) reaction in atopic individuals.Allergin is a specific IgE that gives rise to immediate hypersensitivity. Atopy: People who have allergies to environmental antigens, such as pollen or house dust, are said to be atopic. IgE & its receptor mast cells, basophils and eosinophils Pathogenic mechanisms First exposure to allergen Antigen activation of Th2 cells and stimulation of IgE class switching in B cells Production of IgEBinding of IgE to FcR on mast cells Repeat exposure to allergen Activation of mast cell: release of mediators6.Whats the difference between Artificial Active Immunization and Artificial Passive Immunization? Please give 2-3 examples for each.Artifical active immunityArtifical passive immunityAdministrationAg (vaccines ,toxoid)Ab (antitoxin, -globulin)Production of immunityslowlyimmediatelyDuration of immunityLong(from several months to years)Short(2 weeks to months)UsageImmunoprophylaxisEmergency prophylaxis and therapyExamplesdead vaccine(inactivated vaccine), live vaccine(attenuated vaccine), toxoidAntitoxins, human immunoglobulin, cytokines and monoclonal antibody