48个国际音标表及其发音规则.doc

/48个国际音标表及发音规则48个国际音标表元音12个单元音长元音i: u:a:短元音i u e 8个双元音aiei ii u au辅音10对清辅音ptkfs trts浊辅音bdgvz drdz3个鼻音mn 3个似拼音hrl2个半元音wj/i/-发音要领的是：舌尖抵下齿，舌前部抬高，舌两侧抵上齿两侧，口形偏平。/i:/-发音要领是发音时舌尖抵下齿，前舌尽量抬高、舌位高于/i/：口形扁平。/e/-发音时舌尖抵下齿，舌前部稍抬起，舌位比/i:/低；唇形中常，开口度比/i:/大。/ /-发音时舌尖抵下齿；舌前部稍抬高，舌位比/e/更低；双唇平伸，成扁平形。/ /-/ /是长元音。发音时口张大，舌身压低并后缩，后舌稍隆起，舌尖不抵下齿。双唇稍收圆。/ /-发音时口张大，舌身尽量降低并后缩，双唇稍稍收圆。/ /-它是长元音。发音时舌后部抬得比/ /即美式/ /美式/ /高，双唇收得更圆更小，并向前突出。/u/-发音时舌后部抬起，舌身后缩，舌尖离开下齿。双唇收圆，稍突出。/ /-发音时舌后部尽量抬起，舌位比/u/即美式读音/ /英式读音/ /高。双唇收圆并突出。口形比/u/ / /稍小。/ /-发音时舌尖和舌端两侧轻触下齿，舌后部靠前部分稍抬起，唇形稍扁，开口度较大，与/ /相似。/ /-/ /是长元音。发音时舌中部比发/ /音时略高。双唇扁平。/ /-/ /是读短元音。发音时舌身平放，舌中部略隆起，双唇扁平。/ei/-先发/e/音，然后滑向/i/音。双唇稍扁，口形从半开到合。/ /-它由元音/ /滑向后元音/u/即美音和英音的/ /，舌位由半低到高，口形由半开到小。注意将音发足。/ai/-/ai/为双元音。先发/a/音，然后滑向/i/音。舌尖抵住下齿。发此音的关键是要把/a/音发足，注意从开到合的滑动。/au/-/au/或/ /由/a/滑向/u/ /。舌位由低到高，口形由大到小。注意将音发足。/ i/-发音时双唇从圆到扁，口形从开到合。发好这个音的关键是首先要把后元音/a/ / /发足，然后滑向/i/音。/i /-其发音要领是从/i/音滑向/ /音，美音则滑向/r/音。前面的/i/发得较清楚，后面的/ /或/r/较弱。双唇始终半开。此音一定要发足。/ /-其发音方法是从/ /e/音滑向/ /音。发间时舌端抵下齿，前舌略抬起，双唇半开，此音中的/ /有似于/e/音，/ /音较轻。/u /-发音时，嘴唇从收圆到半开。发好这个音的关键是首先要把/u/ /音发足，然后滑向/ /音。/p/ /b/-/p/是p的发音，/b/是b的发音。双唇爆破辅音。发音时双唇紧闭，憋住气，然后突灰分开，气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/p/是清辅音，声带不振动；/b/是浊辅音，声带振动。/t/ /d/-/t/是t的发音，/d/是d的发音。舌齿爆破辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，憋住气，然后突然分开，使气流冲出口腔，发出爆破音。/t/是清辅音，声带不振动；/d/是浊辅音，声带振动。/k/ / /-/k/是字母k和字母c的发音，/ /是字母g的读音。舌后软颚爆破辅音。发音时舌后部隆起紧贴软颚，憋住气，然后突然分开，气流送出口腔，形成爆破音。/k/是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。/f/ /v/-/f/是f和ph的发音，/v/是v的发音。唇齿摩擦辅音。发音时下唇轻触上齿，气流由唇齿间通过，形成摩擦音。/f/是清辅音，声带不振动；/v/是浊辅音，声带振动。/ / / /-/ / /是th的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖轻触上齿背，气流由舌齿间送出，形成摩擦音。/ /是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。/s/ /z/-/s/z/是s的发音，/z/又是z的发音。舌齿摩擦辅音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈，气流由舌端齿龈间送出，形成摩擦音。/s/是清辅音，声带不振动；/z/是浊浦音，声带振动。/ / /-/是sh的发音，/ /是s的发音。舌端齿龈后部摩擦辅音。发音时舌端靠近齿龈后部，舌身抬起靠近上鄂，双唇稍收圆并略突出。气流通过时形成摩擦音。/是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。/h/-/h/是字母h的发音。声门摩擦辅音。发音时气流送出口腔，在通过声门时发出轻微摩擦；口形随其后的元音而变化。/h/是清辅音，声带不振动。/m/-/m/是m的发音。双唇鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂，双唇紧闭，气流从鼻腔送出。/n/-/n/是n的发音。舌尖齿龈鼻辅音。发音时舌尖抵上齿龈，软颚下垂，气流从鼻腔送出。/ /-/ /是ng的发音。舌后软颚鼻辅音。发音时软颚下垂，堵住口腔通道，气流从鼻腔送出。声带振动。/w/-/w/是w的发音。舌后软颚半元音。发音时舌后部向软颚抬起，舌位高。双唇收小并向前突出，声带振动。发音短促，立刻滑向其后的元音。/l/-/l/是l的发音。舌端齿龈边辅音。发音时舌尖及舌端紧贴上齿龈，舌前向硬颚抬起，气流从舌的旁边送出。当此音为尾音时，将舌端抵住上齿龈，舌前下限，舌后上抬，舌面形成凹形。浊辅音、声带振动。/r/-/r/是r的发音。舌尖齿龈(后部)摩擦辅音。发音时舌尖卷起，靠近上齿龈后部。舌两侧稍收扰。双唇略突出。气流通过舌尖和齿龈形成轻微摩擦。浊辅音，声带振动。/j/-/j/传统的国际音标的读音符号该音是国音字母y在词首的读音，是舌前硬颚半元音。发音时舌前部向硬颚尽量抬起，舌位较高，双唇伸展成扁平状。它是个浊辅音，声带振动。/ /-/ /是ch的发音，/ /是dge的发音。舌端齿龈破擦辅音。发音时舌身抬高，舌端抵上齿龈后部，气流通过时发出破擦音。/ /是清辅音，声带不振动；/ /是浊辅音，声带振动。/ts/ /dz/传统的国际音标读音符号，新课本中美式、英式读音都没将其包括在内，破擦音/ts/、/dz/分别是字母组合ts和ds的读音。舌端齿龈破擦辅音。舌端先贴住齿龈，堵住气流，然后略下降，气流送出口腔。/ts/是清辅音，/dz/是浊辅音。/tr/ /dr/传统的国际音标读音符号。新课本中美式、英式读音都没将其包括在内。/tr/、/dr/分别是tr、dr的发音。齿龈后部破擦辅音。发音时舌身与/r/相似，舌尖贴齿龈后部，气流冲破阻碍发出短促的/t/后立即发/r/。/tr/是清辅音，/dr/是浊辅音。i:字母组合 ee ea e ie -three tree green sheep meet beef see seek eat tea meat leave lead teacher team mean speak clean piece发音字母 a-bag hand and ant happy hat map mad bad black back glad flag shall mane字母组合 ea e a-head bread pleasure elephant electric remember sell shell lesson better bed desk hotel yes many any 字母组合ir ur ear er or-girl shirt skirt thirty thirteen third bird turn burn murder nurse turtle Thursday burger learn earn earth heard字母组合 er or ou ar o a e u-teacher leader remember player speaker farmer powder doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar dollar together tomorrow today lesson control around account ago elephant manta banana Canadaa: 字母组合 ar a-car farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm 发音字母 u o ou oo-up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love above trouble rough flourish blood flood 字母组合 al or au our ar-small wall talk tall hall ball call walk short more lord horse for forty sport door floor store author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter 发音字母 o a-hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not want wash watchu:字母组合 oo o u-food moon room gloom broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full prudeu字母组合 oo ou u o-look good foot book wood should could put full bull pull push woman wolfei发音字母 a ay ea ai ey-name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain they greyai发音字母 i y-bike fine find die nine light night high my try fly eyeau字母组合 ou ow-house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town 发音字母 o ow oa-home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goali 字母组合 eer ear-beer deerear near here fierce idea 字母组合ear air ere-pear bear chair air fair there where careu 字母组合our ower-hour tour flower showert tree two ten ton town twenty cityd door dull desk dose do dog dictionaryk king kite key look cook book kitchen skyg girl good goal goat grade long languagem man make moon morning move come combn pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean uncle bank English think thank junksing king morningl long land lend lord fly flag black world cold could goal soulr read red right run room writef five fly fine flag frog fog roof knife life wife cough laugh roughv very evening even every voice vest ofs six sit student same seat kiss miss case scarfz zoo zebra zero zap close nose hose suppose pause those that this those these though sheep shoulder ship shoe she brush wash nation attentionh hot hop home house horse how whow when what where window wind woodj yes year yell you your yolk yellow child chicken china chair lunch ouch catch teach age language cabbage vegetable stage bridge joy enjoy join July June junktr tree country try treat track trunkdr dry dream drop drive drinkts students boots boats goats nutsdz goods woods moods hoods26个英文字母及发音音标如下:A aeiB bbi:C csi:D ddi:E ei:F fefG gd3i:H heitI iaiJ jd3eiK kkeiL lelM memN nenO ouP ppi:Q qkju:R r:S sesT tti:U uju:V vvi:W wdblju:X xeksY ywaiZ zzi:zed英语发音规则一,元音字母在重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a 在开音节中 ei name plane Jane baby cake 在闭音节中 bag dad hat map black back e 在开音节中 i: he these me Chinese 在闭音节中 e bed let pen desk yes egg i 在开音节中 ai bike fly drive time nice kite 在闭音节中 i fish big drink sit milk swim o 在开音节中 Eu those close go hoe home no 在闭音节中 C clock not box shop sock u 在开音节中 ju: student excuse duty Tuesday 在闭音节中 Q bus cup jump much lunch 在开音节中,元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读u:音,例如:June blue ruler super 二,元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a E China another woman breakfast i orange comrade village cabbage e E hundred student open weekend i chicken pocket begin children i E/i holiday beautiful family animal ai exercise satellite o E second tonight somebody welcome Eu also zero photo u E autumn diffcult ju: popular congratulation January 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,a读ei音,例如:operate u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j l r s后面时,读u(:)音,例如:July influence February issue 三,元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a在w音后面 C want what watch wash quality a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 a: after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father i在-nd -ld和gh前 ai find child light high o在-st -ld前 Eu most postcard old cold o在m n v th前 Q come monkey love mother 四,-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 ar ar在w音后面 a: car farm dark sharpener C:warm quarter towards or or在w音后面 C: forty morning short E: word worker worse er ir ur E: certainly bird Thursday 辅音字母r双写时,前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音.例如: carry sorry hurry -r音节在非重读音节中通常读E音,例如:dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday 五,-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 are a:E care dare hare ere iE here mere ire aiE fire hire wire ore C: more score before ure ju:E pure cure are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中,ure在非重读音节中读E音,例如:picture pleasure 重读元音字母加Rr,再加非重读元字组时,重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读,字母Rr读r音. 例如:parent zero story during inspiring 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象. 例如:orange very American paragraph 六,元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 ai/ay ei afraid rain wait day play air aiE air hair chair pair repair al在f m前 C small ball talk wall all C:l always also salt almost bald a:half calm au/aw C: autumn daughter draw ea i: teach easy cheap please e heavy bread sweater weather ei break great ear iE hear dear near clear year E bear pear wear E: earth learn early ee i: jeep week green three iE pioneer deer beer ei/ey ei eight neighbour they i: either key eu/ew在 j l r s后 ju: new few newspaper u: flew brew ie/eis音之后 i: piece field receive oa Eu coat Joan boat goal oar/oor C: roar board door floor oi/oy Ci noise point boy toilet oo u: broom food tooth school u book look cook foot good ou/ow au flower house count down Eu know row throw though Q young country enough u: group you soup our C: course your four auE our hour ours C: journey ui 在j l r s后 ju:i fluid suicide tuition u: juice fruit suit 七,非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音 元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词 ai/ay ei/ey i Sunday foreign monkey ow Eu yellow sparrow tomorrow 元音字组在非重读音节中读E音或i. 例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee -sion -tion Fn impression nation -sion在元音字母后 Vn vision decision occasion -tion在s后 tFE n question suggestion -sten sn listen -stle sl whistle -sure VE pleasure measure -ture tFE picture culture 八,元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音 复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读. 例如: everydayei handbag blackboardC: 有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成为一个词.其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音. 例如: sun太阳 + dayei日子 > Sundayi 星期天 holy神圣 + dayei日子 > holidayi 假日 break中断 + fasta:斋戒 > breakfastE 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板C: > cupboardE 碗柜 九,辅字组的读音 辅字组 读 音 例 词 b b bike bus bag / bomb tomb c c在e前或在i/y前 k cake picture coat music s face decide cinema ch tF much chick rich teacher k school headache chemistry F machine -ck k cock pocket black knock d d doctor bread hand day -dge dV bridge fridge dr- dr children driver drink f f five four breakfast g g在e i/y前 bag gardon go dV orange large German gh f cough enough /light daughter high gu- -gue gu在非重读音节中 guess league dialogue w language anguish h h hot head house hand / hour honest j dVjeep jar joke join July k k kind bike skate make week kn- n knife know knock l l life milk school tall m m monkey come autumn -mn m autumn column n n在k g音前 n not shine ten note N uncle thank hungry -ng N morning young wrong p p paper plane pig ship pen ph f elephant photo telephone q k Iraq qu- kw quality quiterr red rubber ruler s在词首或清辅音前 元音字母间或浊辅音前 s sit sleep desk z music husband sc- sk scarlet smuscle science sh F she fish shirt wash t在通常情况下 在弱读字母ia ie io前 t ten letter meet Fpatient nation tch tF watch th在通常情况下 在冠词 代词 介词 连词中 在词尾-the -ther中 thin thirty method T the these with than T clothe father weather tr- tr tree train country truck v v very voice love leavew w week win wake sweet wait / answer two wh- wh-在字母o前 w what when white why hwho whose whole x 在重读元音前 ks box text exercise gz examle exist exact wr- r write y- j yes yard yellow young z z puzzle zero zoo 重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节.用音标标记双音节,多音节词的读音时,应使用重读符号.单音节词多数是重读音节,标记读音时不需要使用重读符号. 开音节 绝对开音节:单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节.例如:no blue ba-by stu-dent se-cret.相对开音节:单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母,再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节.例如:name these bike home ex-cuse. 闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组(r w y 除外)且以辅字组结尾的重读音节.例如:bag egg fish not cup 多音节词重读规则 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读. 例如: el-e-phant con-grat-u- la-tion 词尾有-ic或-tion,-sion的词,在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读.例如:scien tific im pression nation