sc曼哈顿语法.doc

-作者xxxx-日期xxxxsc曼哈顿语法【精品文档】1.添加关键例句（EG）方便理解，其中对比的部分和manhattan原版一样例句加注下划线或大写；2.我认为比较生僻和重要的语法点用黑体加粗；3.把原版曼哈顿总计14章内容压缩到了12章，4.每章内容所对应的OG12, Verbal Review, Verbal OG 2题号以橙色斜体标出。一、SC 的做题方法与原则1、不是找对的，而是选最好的。2、方法：排除法，首先在稿纸上写下所有选项，然后根据一些相似性将答案大致分组，根据各组的不同特点划去错误的，比较剩余选项，针对区别进行判断，剩下最好的。3、做改错题时，首先应通读句子，找出句子中能帮助做题的关键词。在很多情况下，句子中帮助做题的关键词离划线部分会很远。4、GMC 原则：grammar, meaning and concision, including：主谓一致，平行，代词，修饰，动词时态、语态和主被动，比较和习惯用法二、意思与句子简洁GMAT改错题关键的三个要点，顺序依次为：STEP 1、首先看有无语法错误STEP 2、看意思表达是否准确STEP 3、是否简洁（一） 意思1、正确用词Economic-经济的； economical-节约的；合算的；有效的Aggravate-加重，恶化； aggravating-令人愤怒的Known as 被认为是，很著名； known to be-被承认known for known for详细»因而闻名Loss of 失去；loss in-贬值Mandate-命令；have a mandate-拥有选举权Native of- 一个人出生在某地 ；native to 一个人来自某地Range of 多种的； ranging-变化 Rate of 速度或频率； rates for 价格Rise 上升,形容无方向，单纯上升； raise-（打赌或工资）上涨，有方向Such as 比如； like-好像（举例只能用such as, 不能用like）Try to do 努力去完成； try doing 尝试去做 impale-刺穿；impel-逼迫unqualifying与unqualified(from manhattan)unqualifying释义: not meeting some sort of standard for qualification没有达到一些合格的标准unqualified释义: without any sort of restriction or reservation 没有任何限制2、情态动词（1）当原句意思上没有问题时，忠实原句，不做任何修改，即使修改过来也成立。Actual: If Chris and Jed met, they DISCUSSED mathematics.Hypothetical: If Chris and Jed met, they WOULD DISCUSS mathematics.（2）当原句意思上有问题时，要替换为相对好点的那个。EG：should 在GMAT中表示“道德上的义务”，而不是“好像”的意思。3、词在句中的位置（1）要关注一些重点词，all, only；位置不同句子意思也不一样。EG: ONLY the council votes on Thursdays. The council votes ONLY on Thursdays.（2）关注句子的整体顺序，是否会产生歧义；EG：主被动语序强调的对象不同。（3）在英语中，一般主语会放在谓语前面，因此一般不会用倒装结构，除非开头是否定词。定语从句中，一般不用倒装。例如：OG129。4、搭配句子各成分是搭配在一起才有意义。（二） 简洁§ 简洁是GMAT 最后考到的点，只有在语法和意思都无误的情况，才选择最简洁的；换言之，如果语法无问题，即使很长也会比一个语法有问题，很短的句子好。§ GMAT语法题中，如果一个词可以搞定的意思，不要用一个短语，EG: differ好于havedifference inWordy: They HAVE DIFFERENCES over THE WAY IN WHICH the company should MAKEINVESTMENTS in new technologies.Better: They DIFFER over HOW the company should INVEST in new technologies.切忌冗余：1、在一个句子中，不要用两个意思一样的词Rise-increase; sum-total; regain-again; enable- be able to; attempt-try;other than- opposite; drop-decrease; sufficient-enough;including-among； have to require 及近义词then-later; so-in order to2、注意being、having，虽然二者大多数情况是错的，但GMAT也通常会制造一些其他的语法错误，使得此类选项稍好一点。在OG中还不是很明显，prep中尤为明显3、注意修饰时间的词过去：previously; formerly; in the past; before现在：now; currently; presently; at present;每年的：annual; each year; a yearEG: OG12 unaccompanied是不好的表达，意思不如not accompanied 清晰；另外关于什么的增长，一般的用法是increase in sth，而不是increased sth12th Edition: 8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 57Verbal Review: 2, 13, 57, 76 OR 2nd Edition: 3, 18, 22, 36, 54, 72三、主语与谓语每一个句子都必须有一个主语和谓语（动词），且主语和谓语要一致。（一）连词开头的句子一定要有主句，否则是错误的。EG: Because the dog was never mine. 错误，缺乏一个主句（二）主语和谓语从逻辑上一定要合理,主语和谓语在单复数上要一致EG: × The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will beable to travel hundreds of miles without refueling. (development能够不加油就跑几百miles)（三）容易引起 主语不明显的两个情况1. 插入语：在主语和谓语之间插入一些说明的成分2前置短语：在主语之前放一些修饰成分EG: (when the auditors left), the executive (who had been interviewed) was glad.说明：从句始终只是句子中辅助的成分，类似大形容词，大名词或大副词（四）and 和表示连接的词1. and 连接几个不同的名词的时候构成复数结构，谓语动词要用复数。2. 其他连接性的词（along with, in addition to, as well as, together with, including,）连接不同的名词，只是起着修饰的作用，不会改变主语的单复数，不影响谓语动词。3. 一些表示学科的词（physics, mathematics）、一些活动（aerobics）和一些疾病（diabetes）虽然以S结尾，仍属于单数名词，谓语动词用单数。（五）either or, neither nor1. 就近原则：离谓语动词近的是单数，谓语动词就用单数；复数就用复数EG: Neither the coach nor the players are going to the beach.2. 若仅仅只有either or neither, 没有or 、nor，则谓语动词一定要用单数 EG: Neither the children is going to school .（六）集合性名词：一般被认为是单数名词，看做一个整体，跟单数谓语People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture（七）非限制性的代词，一般用单数Anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every, someone, somebody,something, everyone, whatever, whoever但是如下几个特殊情况，需要根据内容确定单复数：some, any, none, all ,more/most, partEG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.None of可以使复数也可以是单数，但是not one of 一定是单数（八）each & every 两个词如果放在复数之前用单数，复数之后用复数EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.（九）量词A number of +复数主语+复数谓语The number of +复数/单数主语+单数谓语Majority, minority, and plurality , fractions& percentages要考虑of结构后面是单数还是复数，从而决定谓语动词的单数还是复数。根据其修饰的主语决定其单复数（十）短语或者从句：从句：以who, why, how, whether或that引导主语从句，谓语动词用单数 例：Why she did this is not known. 而what引导的从句，要看what后面名词的状况来确定。且整个句子的主语，也需what从句中所涉及对象的数量，来帮助确认。(What is difficult to understand is A. What are difficult to understand are A,B, and C.)Having good friends IS a wonderful thing.Whatever they want to do is fine with me.注意：当判断倒装句的单复数，要看谓语动词后名词（主语）的单复数定语从句内结构最好不用倒装OG 68： sth that be,当前面的sth做主语的时候， that be一般要省略，否则不符合英文表达习惯；另外，诸如evidence之类的词，后面要跟that从句。（十一）倒装：主语的单复数向后看EG:1. Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.2. Wrong: There IS a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.Flip it!: A young man and an older woman ARE there at the bus stop.Right: There ARE a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.3. Uncertain: Pong is a classic game from which have/has descended many current computerpastimes.Flip it! Pong is a classic game from which many current computer pastimes HAVE descended.Right: Pong is a classic game from which HAVE descended many current computer pastimes.总结：当不确定是单数还是复数的时候 选单数，几率高11. Just around the corner were a fantastic bakery AND a small supermarket.12th Edition: 2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 84, D41Verbal Review: 8, 16,24,34,35,59,77 OR 2nd Edition: 10, 11, 14,20,34,35,65四、平行结构（一）平行结构的标志词And, but ,both and, or, either or; neither nor, not but, not only but also, rather than, from to（二）平行元素1.有时候be, can, to会被省略掉2.平行结构开始于同一个词（三）AND：最重要，GMAT 中喜欢在长句和意思相对独立句中的and前加逗号。如果 and 链接两个句子，可选择是否添加逗号；（四）一些常见的并列习语A act as B, distinguish X from Y, X is the same as Y, as A, so B, estimate X to be Y, X is good, and so too is Y, X instead of Y, X, such as Y, compared to X, Y, X is known to be Y, think of X as Y, consider X Y, X is less than Y, make X Y, declare X Y, Mistake X For Y, Whether X Or Y, X develops Into Y, Not Only X(,)But Also Y, X Differs From Y, regard X As Y（五）系动词两边的成分要并列Be, appear, become, feel, grow, look, remain, represent, resemble, seem, smell, sound, stay,taste, turnWrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love. 逻辑不合理Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46五、代词代词是GMAT中最常见的考点，每次见到代词的时候都应检查指代是否清晰。（一）先行词必须存在注意有些名词是作为形容词、所有格在用，这样的名词不能作为先行词；名词作为先行词的条件是该名词一定要具备名词功能。 N of n结构，有时可以EG: The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastatingto it. It无指代对象，因为park在此处是形容词。 避免歧义就只能重复名词parkWrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packagesin order to determine how much may have been improperly awardedto THEM.Them 不能指代所有格的executives'Better: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executives-in order to determine how much THEY may have been improperly awarded.Best: The board is investigating the compensation packages of several executivesin order to determine how much THESE EXECUTIVES may havebeen improperly awarded 重复先行词是最好的选择。（二）先行词和代词同时有意义将代词换为先行词，该句子必须还是有意义，说的通EG: Although the term“super” may sound wonderful, it is simply an machine that can producemany products at one. 此处,it指代就有问题，因为super怎么能是机器呢？（三）代词的指代必须清晰每一个代词都只能有一个清晰的先行词，如有多个的话，指代是模糊的。句子应该被重写Wrong : Researchers claim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporating tinycellulose fibers, which THEY allege give THEM the strength of cast iron.定语从句中不能再出现被指带对象Right: Researchers claim to have developed new "nano-papers" incorporatingtiny cellulose fibers, which allegedly give THESE MATERIALS the strengthof cast iron.（四）代词和先行词的 单复数必须一致GMAT 很可能会 掩盖 名词的单复数， 需要你去识别 其真正的 单复数（五）格1.代词主格可用做主语：I, you, she, he, it , we, they , who2.代词宾格用作宾语：me, you, him , her, it, us, them, whom3.所有格：my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our ,ours, their, theirs, whose重要：1. 代词在句子主语的位置上，通常会被认为指代与其平行句子的主语。特别是在平行结构中EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizingheavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-basedlife as we know it. 这样的指代不会有歧义2. 一般所有格代词只能指代所有格名词，不能指代主格和宾格。EG: Wrong: The board is investigating several executives' compensation packages in order todetermine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.3. which，that 只能指代物，只有who, whom 才能指代人. Whose 既可以指认，也可以指物（六）几个要点1.this, that, these, those 在句子中不能裸奔，必须用作this/that/those/these+n 的结构才能做代词使用，而这个名词则是能体现先行词性质的词。(this, those, that and these are neverused as a stand-alone pronoun without a noun following)EG：New” nano-papers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,或those可以表明一个新的copy关于先行词的,避免重复；就相当于新添加了个描述项对于指代对象；EG: The money spent by her parents is more than that spent by her children.3.It ， they 是完全指代，必须跟前面的是同一个东西The money spent by her parents is more than IT was expected to be.4.that或those 表明新copy 的时候一定前后完全一致（包括单复数），否则需要重复先行词。EG：Her company is outperforming those of her competitors. 错，those与company不一致，应将those替换为companies.outperform ,autp'f:m vt. 胜过；做得比好类比OG 的 civilization那道题 EG: The players' helmets need to be repainted before (they) are used in Sunday's game.CORRECThelmet 'helmit n. 钢盔，头盔Helmets is the antecedent of they. You need not worry that they could refer to players', because (1)helmets is closer to they, and (2) player! is a possessive noun, and is therefore not a good antecedent for a pronoun in the subjective case.We finally chose the coffee table towards the back of the store, because we thought that this tablewould complement our living room furniture. 这里如果用it指代table 是有歧义的，因为store的存在 ；所以尽量重复被指代名词错误：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of his most memorablelines from Christopher Marlowe. 应该重复前面的名词Shakespeare正确：A few Shakespearean scholars maintain that they borrowed some of Shakespeare most memorable lines from Christopher Marlowe.memorable 'memrbl adj. 显著的，难忘的；值得纪念的She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought shecould use these to get some work done. 用 she 当主语，是对的，不是必须出现他的先行词 ； these 必须改成them ，these 不能裸奔 ；them 指代her laptop and her books12th Edition: 1, 7, 23, 47, 91, D42Verbal Review: 12, 15, 19, 29, 41, 44, 49, 53, 65, 67OR 2nd Edition: 16, 19,21,29,40,43,48,51,62,64六、修饰语（一）形容词和副词1形容词修饰名词或者代词，副词修饰除了名词和代词外，其余词均可修饰。系动词后面跟形容词，不是修饰动词的，而是识别主语的一个状态2. GMAT 考试中最长出现的修饰结构：形容词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，两个形容词均修饰名词副词+形容词+名词：在此结构中，副词修饰形容词，形容词修饰名词EG: James is Maxs supposed Irish ancestor. supposed修饰ancestor，表明James可能是，也可能不是MAX的ancestor.Maxs grandmother is his supposedly Irish ancestor.此处supposedly一定要用副词形式，因为M的奶奶肯定是M 的祖先，只是不知道是不是他的Irish祖先而已，因此副词再次修饰形容词了。常见的形容词+ly 变副词的词语: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.（二）名词修饰语：形容词、介词短语，过去分词，不加逗号的现在分词，从句，同位语前置修饰是GMAT 中最常见的名词性修饰EG: Tired from chasing mice, the cat took a nap.1.名词和其修饰语必须互相靠近，就近修饰；如果修饰语靠近另外一个名词，则会产生误解。EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 错To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 对wood wud n. 木材；木制品；树林2.每一个名词修饰必须对应一个修饰对象，不能缺乏修饰对象 Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no commotion in the office.· Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no commotion. n. 骚动；暴乱3.避免一系列的修饰语 修饰一个名词，让两个很长的修饰语修饰一个名词不好最常见的模式就是：修饰语，修饰语， 主谓宾必错而一种常见容易弄错的情形是：修饰语，主语+定语从句，谓宾，这种是对的另外一种：修饰语，定语从句，主语，修饰语，谓语宾语，这种也对，但少见注意：动词修饰语不像名词修饰语，不需要贴近其修饰的主语。EG: Both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin influenced andinspired a generation of comedians,另外，要注意所有格形式，这种形式经常会出现修饰错误,特别注意抽象名词EG: Wrong : Only in the past century has origamis development, a ceremonial activity inventedmillennia ago, into a true art form taken place.此句中，后句不是句子而是一个修饰结构，由于靠近development，通常会被我们误认为是修饰development.Right: Origami-a ceremonial activity invented millennia ago has developed into a true art form only in the past century.（三）名词修饰与从句Which（修饰物），that（不能修饰人）， who /whom(修饰人)、whose, where, when, Who: 一般修饰主语； whom: 一般修饰宾语That/whom：修饰的成分是宾语的时候，是可以省略的Where: 只能修饰具体的地点，对于一些虚拟的，如condition, situation, case, circumstance,arrangement，用in which修饰更好。When: 可以修饰一个名词时间或时间，如time, period, age, 1987, decade, 也可以用in which代替； in which更好限制性名词修饰；无逗号隔开的，用that：有必要的名词修饰语 ：需要这个修饰才能识别作者的意图的修饰语非限制性名词修饰：有逗号隔开的，用which：没必要的名词修饰语：不用这个 修饰也能 看出作者的意图在有the +n 的情况下，句子一般是不完整的，需要用限定性定语修饰 用that 而不用which 只是因为 which （在没有介词的情况下）必须引导非限定性定从，这样就改变了 作者的逻辑，使得 含义不完整；Non-essential非限定性 : This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED， isowned by the tees;Essential限定性 : The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the LeesNon-essential: This mansion，FOR WHICH I YEARN， is owned by the Lees. YEARN 渴望，向往Essential: The mansion FOR WHICH I YEARN is owned by the lees.The tallest mountain on Earth is Mount Everest that is on the border between Nepa J. and Tiber.That应该改为which引导非限定定从；因为有Mount Everest 已经明确了是哪座山只要记住，逗号的使用是对于那些没有必要的修饰语；（四）动词修饰：副词，介词短语，从属结构从属结构，通过because, although, if, while, so that修饰，有两个重要考点：1. 主谓语宾要全，因为毕竟是一个句子2. 不能单独形成一个完整的句子，逻辑意思必须依附于一个主句。（五）which 和现在分词1.Which 只能修饰在他之前的名词，which不能修饰一个句子N ,同位语，which 没有歧义 修饰n2.ing 形式做修饰语（1）做形容词，直接修饰名词（2）前面主谓宾+逗号， ing 做伴随状语 修饰主语和 动词Ing 放句首作修饰主语，和放句尾做伴随；（3）可以修饰一个句子（此时主句若转化为同意名词，这个名词可作为ing的主语），这种形式就是常见的ing表示结果的结构。EG: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.（4）ing 形式在主系表结构之后，表示对前句的补充说明，逻辑主语是主句主语EG:经典错误：The patient's rare disease was treated using novel techniques developed at the medical school.没有合适的逻辑主语Correction: The patient's rare disease was treated through the use of novel techniques developed atthe medical school.转变为through 避免了逻辑主语问题OR The doctor treated the patient's rare disease by using novel techniques developed at themedical school.添加合适的逻辑主语12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79, D40, D44Verbal Review: 7, 18,32,38,63,73,79,91OR 2nd Edition: 33, 42, 57, 59, 69, 71, 75, 83, 84七、动词的时态、语气和主被动（零）时态、感情、语气1. 一般定义用一般现在时。不