保护海洋.doc

100:00:00,166 -> 00:00:02,899For me, as a scientist,200:00:02,908 -> 00:00:05,899it all began in 1953300:00:05,908 -> 00:00:08,908when I first tried scuba.400:00:08,908 -> 00:00:11,908It's when I first got to know fish swimming500:00:11,908 -> 00:00:14,908in something other than lemon slices and butter.600:00:14,908 -> 00:00:17,908I actually love diving at night;700:00:17,908 -> 00:00:20,908you see a lot of fish then that you don't see in the daytime.800:00:20,908 -> 00:00:24,908Diving day and night was really easy for me in 1970,900:00:24,908 -> 00:00:29,908when I led a team of aquanauts living underwater for weeks at a time -1000:00:29,908 -> 00:00:36,908at the same time that astronauts were putting their footprints on the moon.1100:00:36,908 -> 00:00:40,908In 1979 I had a chance to put my footprints on the ocean floor1200:00:40,908 -> 00:00:43,908while using this personal submersible called Jim.1300:00:43,908 -> 00:00:47,908It was six miles offshore and 1,250 feet down.1400:00:47,908 -> 00:00:50,908It's one of my favorite bathing suits.1500:00:52,908 -> 00:00:56,908Since then, I've used about 30 kinds of submarines1600:00:56,908 -> 00:00:59,908and I've started three companies and a nonprofit foundation called Deep Search1700:00:59,908 -> 00:01:02,908to design and build systems1800:01:02,908 -> 00:01:04,908to access the deep sea.1900:01:04,908 -> 00:01:07,908I led a five-year National Geographic expedition,2000:01:07,908 -> 00:01:10,908the Sustainable Seas expeditions,2100:01:10,908 -> 00:01:12,908using these little subs.2200:01:12,908 -> 00:01:15,908They're so simple to drive that even a scientist can do it.2300:01:15,908 -> 00:01:17,908And I'm living proof.2400:01:17,908 -> 00:01:19,908Astronauts and aquanauts alike2500:01:19,908 -> 00:01:24,908really appreciate the importance of air, food, water, temperature -2600:01:24,908 -> 00:01:28,908all the things you need to stay alive in space or under the sea.2700:01:28,908 -> 00:01:31,908I heard astronaut Joe Allen explain2800:01:31,908 -> 00:01:34,908how he had to learn everything he could about his life support system2900:01:34,908 -> 00:01:37,908and then do everything he could3000:01:37,908 -> 00:01:40,908to take care of his life support system;3100:01:40,908 -> 00:01:45,908and then he pointed to this and he said, "Life support system."3200:01:45,908 -> 00:01:48,908We need to learn everything we can about it3300:01:48,908 -> 00:01:51,908and do everything we can to take care of it.3400:01:51,908 -> 00:01:55,908The poet Auden said, "Thousands have lived without love;3500:01:55,908 -> 00:01:58,908none without water."3600:01:58,908 -> 00:02:01,908Ninety-seven percent of Earth's water is ocean.3700:02:01,908 -> 00:02:04,908No blue, no green.3800:02:04,908 -> 00:02:06,908If you think the ocean isn't important,3900:02:06,908 -> 00:02:09,908imagine Earth without it.4000:02:09,908 -> 00:02:11,908Mars comes to mind.4100:02:11,908 -> 00:02:13,908No ocean, no life support system.4200:02:13,908 -> 00:02:16,908I gave a talk not so long ago at the World Bank4300:02:16,908 -> 00:02:19,908and I showed this amazing image of Earth4400:02:19,908 -> 00:02:22,908and I said, "There it is! The World Bank!"4500:02:22,908 -> 00:02:26,908That's where all the assets are!4600:02:28,908 -> 00:02:31,908And we've been trawling them down4700:02:31,908 -> 00:02:34,908much faster than the natural systems can replenish them.4800:02:34,908 -> 00:02:37,908Tim Worth says the economy is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the environment.4900:02:37,908 -> 00:02:39,908With every drop of water you drink,5000:02:39,908 -> 00:02:41,908every breath you take,5100:02:41,908 -> 00:02:44,908you're connected to the sea.5200:02:44,908 -> 00:02:46,908No matter where on Earth you live.5300:02:46,908 -> 00:02:49,908Most of the oxygen in the atmosphere is generated by the sea.5400:02:49,908 -> 00:02:52,908Over time, most of the planet's organic carbon5500:02:52,908 -> 00:02:55,908has been absorbed and stored there,5600:02:55,908 -> 00:02:57,908mostly by microbes.5700:02:57,908 -> 00:02:59,908The ocean drives climate and weather,5800:02:59,908 -> 00:03:01,908stabilizes temperature, shapes Earth's chemistry.5900:03:01,908 -> 00:03:03,908Water from the sea forms clouds6000:03:03,908 -> 00:03:06,908that return to the land and the seas6100:03:06,908 -> 00:03:08,908as rain, sleet and snow,6200:03:08,908 -> 00:03:12,908and provides home for about 97 percent of life in the world,6300:03:12,908 -> 00:03:14,908maybe in the universe.6400:03:14,908 -> 00:03:16,908No water, no life;6500:03:16,908 -> 00:03:18,908no blue, no green.6600:03:18,908 -> 00:03:21,908Yet we have this idea, we humans,6700:03:21,908 -> 00:03:24,908that the Earth - all of it: the oceans, the skies -6800:03:24,908 -> 00:03:27,908are so vast and so resilient6900:03:27,908 -> 00:03:29,908it doesn't matter what we do to it.7000:03:29,908 -> 00:03:32,908That may have been true 10,000 years ago,7100:03:32,908 -> 00:03:35,908and maybe even 1,000 years ago7200:03:35,908 -> 00:03:37,908but in the last 100, especially in the last 50,7300:03:37,908 -> 00:03:39,908we've drawn down the assets,7400:03:39,908 -> 00:03:42,908the air, the water, the wildlife7500:03:42,908 -> 00:03:45,908that make our lives possible.7600:03:45,908 -> 00:03:48,908New technologies are helping us to understand7700:03:48,908 -> 00:03:51,908the nature of nature;7800:03:51,908 -> 00:03:53,908the nature of what's happening,7900:03:53,908 -> 00:03:56,908showing us our impact on the Earth.8000:03:56,908 -> 00:03:59,908I mean, first you have to know that you've got a problem.8100:03:59,908 -> 00:04:02,908And fortunately, in our time,8200:04:02,908 -> 00:04:05,908we've learned more about the problems than in all preceding history.8300:04:05,908 -> 00:04:08,908And with knowing comes caring.8400:04:08,908 -> 00:04:10,908And with caring, there's hope8500:04:10,908 -> 00:04:13,908that we can find an enduring place for ourselves8600:04:13,908 -> 00:04:16,908within the natural systems that support us.8700:04:16,908 -> 00:04:19,908But first we have to know.8800:04:19,908 -> 00:04:22,908Three years ago, I met John Hanke,8900:04:22,908 -> 00:04:24,908who's the head of Google Earth,9000:04:24,908 -> 00:04:27,908and I told him how much I loved being able to hold the world in my hands9100:04:27,908 -> 00:04:29,908and go exploring vicariously.9200:04:29,908 -> 00:04:32,908But I asked him: "When are you going to finish it?9300:04:32,908 -> 00:04:35,908You did a great job with the land, the dirt.9400:04:35,908 -> 00:04:38,908What about the water?"9500:04:38,908 -> 00:04:42,908Since then, I've had the great pleasure of working with the Googlers,9600:04:42,908 -> 00:04:45,908with DOER Marine, with National Geographic,9700:04:45,908 -> 00:04:50,908with dozens of the best institutions and scientists around the world,9800:04:50,908 -> 00:04:53,908ones that we could enlist,9900:04:53,908 -> 00:04:56,908to put the ocean in Google Earth.10000:04:56,908 -> 00:04:58,908And as of just this week, last Monday,10100:04:58,908 -> 00:05:01,908Google Earth is now whole.10200:05:01,908 -> 00:05:04,908Consider this: Starting right here at the convention center,10300:05:04,908 -> 00:05:06,908we can find the nearby aquarium,10400:05:06,908 -> 00:05:08,908we can look at where we're sitting,10500:05:08,908 -> 00:05:11,908and then we can cruise up the coast to the big aquarium, the ocean,10600:05:11,908 -> 00:05:14,908and California's four national marine sanctuaries,10700:05:14,908 -> 00:05:17,908and the new network of state marine reserves10800:05:17,908 -> 00:05:21,908that are beginning to protect and restore some of the assets10900:05:21,908 -> 00:05:24,908We can flit over to Hawaii11000:05:24,908 -> 00:05:27,908and see the real Hawaiian Islands:11100:05:27,908 -> 00:05:30,908not just the little bit that pokes through the surface,11200:05:30,908 -> 00:05:33,908but also what's below.11300:05:33,908 -> 00:05:36,908To see - wait a minute, we can go kshhplash! -11400:05:36,908 -> 00:05:38,908right there, ha -11500:05:39,908 -> 00:05:42,908under the ocean, see what the whales see.11600:05:42,908 -> 00:05:47,908We can go explore the other side of the Hawaiian Islands.11700:05:47,908 -> 00:05:51,908We can go actually and swim around on Google Earth11800:05:51,908 -> 00:05:55,908and visit with humpback whales.11900:05:55,908 -> 00:06:00,908These are the gentle giants that I've had the pleasure of meeting face to face12000:06:00,908 -> 00:06:03,908many times underwater.12100:06:03,908 -> 00:06:06,908There's nothing quite like being personally inspected by a whale.12200:06:06,908 -> 00:06:10,908We can pick up and fly to the deepest place:12300:06:10,908 -> 00:06:13,908seven miles down, the Mariana Trench,12400:06:13,908 -> 00:06:15,908where only two people have ever been.12500:06:15,908 -> 00:06:18,908Imagine that. It's only seven miles,12600:06:18,908 -> 00:06:21,908but only two people have been there, 49 years ago.12700:06:21,908 -> 00:06:24,908One-way trips are easy.12800:06:24,908 -> 00:06:27,908We need new deep-diving submarines.12900:06:27,908 -> 00:06:30,908How about some X Prizes for ocean exploration?13000:06:30,908 -> 00:06:34,908We need to see deep trenches, the undersea mountains,13100:06:34,908 -> 00:06:37,908and understand life in the deep sea.13200:06:37,908 -> 00:06:40,908We can now go to the Arctic.13300:06:40,908 -> 00:06:44,908Just ten years ago I stood on the ice at the North Pole.13400:06:44,908 -> 00:06:49,908An ice-free Arctic Ocean may happen in this century.13500:06:49,908 -> 00:06:53,908That's bad news for the polar bears.13600:06:53,908 -> 00:06:56,908That's bad news for us too.13700:06:56,908 -> 00:06:59,908Excess carbon dioxide is not only driving global warming,13800:06:59,908 -> 00:07:02,908it's also changing ocean chemistry,13900:07:02,908 -> 00:07:05,908making the sea more acidic.14000:07:05,908 -> 00:07:08,908That's bad news for coral reefs and oxygen-producing plankton.14100:07:08,908 -> 00:07:11,908Also it's bad news for us.14200:07:11,908 -> 00:07:14,908We're putting hundreds of millions of tons of plastic14300:07:14,908 -> 00:07:16,908and other trash into the sea.14400:07:16,908 -> 00:07:19,908Millions of tons of discarded fishing nets,14500:07:19,908 -> 00:07:22,908gear that continues to kill.14600:07:22,908 -> 00:07:26,908We're clogging the ocean, poisoning the planet's circulatory system,14700:07:26,908 -> 00:07:29,908and we're taking out hundreds of millions of tons of wildlife,14800:07:29,908 -> 00:07:32,908all carbon-based units.14900:07:34,908 -> 00:07:39,908Barbarically, we're killing sharks for shark fin soup,15000:07:39,908 -> 00:07:42,908undermining food chains that shape planetary chemistry15100:07:42,908 -> 00:07:45,908and drive the carbon cycle, the nitrogen cycle,15200:07:45,908 -> 00:07:48,908the oxygen cycle, the water cycle -15300:07:48,908 -> 00:07:51,908our life support system.15400:07:51,908 -> 00:07:55,908We're still killing bluefin tuna; truly endangered15500:07:55,908 -> 00:07:58,908and much more valuable alive than dead.15600:07:59,908 -> 00:08:04,908All of these parts are part of our life support system.15700:08:04,908 -> 00:08:10,908We kill using long lines, with baited hooks every few feet15800:08:10,908 -> 00:08:12,908that may stretch for 50 miles or more.15900:08:12,908 -> 00:08:16,908Industrial trawlers and draggers are scraping the sea floor16000:08:16,908 -> 00:08:19,908like bulldozers, taking everything in their path.16100:08:19,908 -> 00:08:22,908Using Google Earth you can witness trawlers -16200:08:22,908 -> 00:08:26,908in China, the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico -16300:08:26,908 -> 00:08:30,908shaking the foundation of our life support system,16400:08:30,908 -> 00:08:32,908leaving plumes of death in their path.16500:08:32,908 -> 00:08:35,908The next time you dine on sushi - or sashimi,16600:08:35,908 -> 00:08:37,908or swordfish steak, or shrimp cocktail,16700:08:37,908 -> 00:08:40,908whatever wildlife you happen to enjoy from the ocean -16800:08:40,908 -> 00:08:43,908think of the real cost.16900:08:43,908 -> 00:08:45,908For every pound that goes to market,17000:08:45,908 -> 00:08:49,908more than 10 pounds, even 100 pounds,17100:08:49,908 -> 00:08:53,908may be thrown away as bycatch.17200:08:53,908 -> 00:08:56,908This is the consequence of not knowing17300:08:56,908 -> 00:08:59,908that there are limits to what we can take out of the sea.17400:08:59,908 -> 00:09:03,908This chart shows the decline in ocean wildlife17500:09:03,908 -> 00:09:06,908from 1900 to 2000.17600:09:06,908 -> 00:09:09,908The highest concentrations are in red.17700:09:09,908 -> 00:09:11,908In my lifetime, imagine,17800:09:11,908 -> 00:09:15,90890 percent of the big fish have been killed.17900:09:15,908 -> 00:09:17,908Most of the turtles, sharks, tunas and whales18000:09:17,908 -> 00:09:21,908are way down in numbers.18100:09:21,908 -> 00:09:23,908But, there is good news.18200:09:23,908 -> 00:09:25,908Ten percent of the big fish still remain.18300:09:25,908 -> 00:09:27,908There are still some blue whales.18400:09:27,908 -> 00:09:30,908There are still some krill in Antarctica.18500:09:30,908 -> 00:09:32,908There are a few oysters in Chesapeake Bay.18600:09:32,908 -> 00:09:35,908Half the coral reefs are still in pretty good shape,18700:09:35,908 -> 00:09:38,