比较等级.docx

Sunny Hometeachin, CenterSanzhong Muyi比拟等级副词的比拟等级学好副词的比拟等级必须掌握好以下几点：一、副词的作用副词主要用作状语，修饰动词、形容词或其它副词。如：The wind is blowing strongly.风刮得很大。(修饰动词)The shoes areJoc expensive,这鞋太贵 了。(修饰形容词)Tom runs very fast.汤姆跑得很快。(修饰副词)二、副词比拟等级的构成1 .规那么的副词比拟级、最高级的构成方法和规那么同形容词的比拟等级的构成一样。如：fast-faster -fastest, late 一later -latest,early -earlier-earliest, slowly -more slowly -most slowly 2.表示两者程度相同,肯定句用as ,as结构,否认句用notso.as结构，也可以用not as.as o例如:Mary jumps as high as Kate,玛丽和凯特跳得一样高。This book is as interesting as that one.这本书和那本书一样有意思。Mary doesn, t jump so (as) high玛丽IM得不如凯特高。This book is not so (as) interesting as that one,这本书不如那本书有意思。以上的否认句形式也可以用less+形容词、副词+than.来表示。例如：This book is less interesting than that one,这本书不如那本书有意思。3 .不规那么副词的比拟等级须逐词记忆，如：well一better一best, badly 一worse一worst, much 一more 一 most, far 一farther-farthest / further -furthest, little-less-least 三、副词比拟等级的用法.比拟级用于二者之间进行比拟。可修饰形容词和副词比拟级的程度状语有much, even, a little等。如：Jim writes much more carefully than Mike,吉姆写字比迈克认真得多。He got up even later today than yesterday他今天起床甚至比昨天还晚。2最高级用于三者以上的人或事物之间进行比拟。形容词的最高级前必须加the;副词的最高级前的the可 省略。如：He jumped (the) farthest at the sports meeting.在运动会上他跳得最远。Kate speaks English (the) best in her class.凯特在她班里英语说得最好。四、形容词比拟等级的对象或范围大多数形容词分为原级、比拟级和最高级。而比拟对象或范围对于等级的选择、结构形式的采用，起着 一定的作用。所以比拟对象和范围的选用，显得尤为重要。1 .两件东西进行比拟，无论是比拟对象还是范围，都只能选用比拟等级。即A>BThe rder on the left is longer than ihdl on the hghk主动比拟者 比拟级 比拟对象The ruler on the left is the longer of d>r two rul< rs主动应较不比拟缓一正较范而Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong MuyiShanghai is the largest of all the cities in China.上海在中国所有的城市中是 最大的。My brother is two years older than I.我哥哥比我大两岁。She is thinner than any other girl in her class.她是她班上最瘦的女孩。2. Your English is very good.But my brother learns it much than I do. （ 97 ft东）A. good B. well C. better D. best【析】在英语中，a little, a lot, much, even等词可以用来修饰形容词或副词的比拟级， 故此题的正确答案是C项。再看其它例子：In China, it's cold in November, but it's even colder inDecember.在中国，十一月份很冷，但十二月份更冷。_ _Mike draws much more beautifully than Tom.迈克画的画比汤姆画的漂亮多了。3. Don，t worry. Your granny will get （' 98 昆明）A. well and well B.better and betterC. well and better D.good and well【析】表示“越来越可以采用“比拟级+比拟级”或“more and more +原级” 的结构，如果是 单音节的形容词或副词，那么用前一结构；如果是多音节词，那么可以用后一 种结构，故此题的正确答案是Bo再看其它例子：Most of the people there are getting richer and richer.那里的大局部人都变得 越来越富有。Our school is becoming more and more beautiful.我们的校园变得越来越美丽。4 China is one of in the world. （ 98 ft西）A.the oldest countryB. the oldest countriesmuch older countryC. much older countries【析】在英语中，要表示“其中最好的之一”，应使用“one of+形容词的最高级 形式+名词的复数 形式”。根据题意，此题应选B项。再看其它例子：Yangpu Bridge is one of the biggest bridges in the world.杨浦大桥是世界上最大 的桥梁之一。Maths is one of the most important subjects in middleschools.数学是中学最重要 的科目之一。5 The girl doesn't run the boy. L 98 广州）A. much faster as B. as faster asC. more fast than D. so fast as【析】在英语中，可以使用“as,as”表示“两者在某方面一样”；用“not so/as as”表示“两者在 某方面不一样”，以上两种结构都必须使用形容词或副词的原级。由以 上分析可知此题的D项最符合题意。再看其它例子：I think football is as popular as basketball in America.我认为足球出艮篮球在美 国一样受欢迎。Lin Tao is as strong as Zhang Hua.林涛和张华一样强壮。10Sanzhong MuyiSunny Hometeaching Center比拟的特殊表达法初探众所周知，在英语中，比拟的概念是通过形容词/副词的比拟等级来表达的。但英语中的 一些其它词类或 结构亦可表达比拟概念，从而不同程度地起到比拟作用。本文拟就比拟的假设 干特殊表达法作些初步探讨。一、表示方位的介词 above, over, below, under, beneath, beyond, before, behind 等可用来 表达比拟。在表达比拟概念时，这些介词的含义通常是其基本意义的引申，即表示“在等级、标 准、地位、价值、品质、能力等方面优于（超过）”或落后于（低于），等。例如：1. We love truth above everything else.我4'最爱真理。2. She is rather behind the rest of her class in maths.在数学方面，她比班上的 其他同学差些。3. Its quality is beyond that of others.它的质量比其他的质量好。4. This method has an advantage over that one. 这种方法比那种方法好。5. Children under two years old cannot be received intothe kindergarten. 两岁 以下的儿童不 准进幼儿园。_He is beneath me in education.他所受的教育不如我。6. Work should come before pleasure.工作应比娱乐重要。7. He is next in rank below the mayor.他的地位次于市长。短语ahead of也可表示“优于“、“胜过”。如：8. He is far ahead of his class in English.他的英语远胜于班上的其他同学。此外，介词to和beside有时也表示比拟:9. He is quite strong to what he used to be .与过去的情况相比，他现在算很强 壮了。10. His contribution to the socialist construction is littleto yours. 他对社 会主义建设所作的贡献与你的相比，就显得微缺乏道了。二、 以一or 结尾的拉丁语比拟级superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, major, minor及形容词prefera ble常与介词to连用，表示比拟。例如：11. He felt superior in mathematics to John.他觉得自己的数学比约翰强。12. This is inferior to that in quantity.论质量这个比不上那个。13. He is ten years senior to me . 他比我年长十岁。14. A dark suit is preferable to a light one for evening wear.晚上穿深色西装 比穿浅色西装好。短语prefer. . . to .有时也表示比拟：15. 1 prefer tea to coffee. （ = 1 like tea better than coffee.）三、一些表示程度高低的动词，由于本身含有比拟的成分，也可表示比拟。这些动词包 括：）由表示长短等的形容词派生出的相应动词。如：lengthen, shorten, enlarge, lessen, lower 等。0 表示强弱变化的动词。如:exceed（超过），increase, reduce, decline（衰弱），diminish11Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong Muyi(减少)，abridge (删节)，maximize (使”增加到最高限度)，minimize (使"减小到 最低限度)等。3表示程度相同的动词equal o16. We are going to enlarge the garden to grow more vegetable=(. . . to make the vegetable ga rden larger.)我们准备将园子扩大以便多种蔬菜。17. You can minimize the dangers of driving by taking care toobey all the rules of the road.(=.lessen the dangers to thesmallest degree .)小心遵守所有的道路规那么就 能把开车的危险减少到最低限度。18. Demand exceeds supply. ( = Demand is greater than supply.)供不应求。19. The length of this boat equals the width of that boat. (=This boat is as long as that boat in wide.)这条船的长度等于那条船的宽度。四、”形容词(原级)+for短语”表示比拟：20. He is tall for his age, (=He is taller than normal.)对他那样的年纪来说， 他是长得高的。21. It is rather cold for April.(就四月份而言，这天气是冷了点。)五、“too +形容词/副词(原级)”表示比拟：22. It 's too long. ( = lt's longer than it should be.) 太长了。23. He speaks too quickly. (=He speaks more quickly than heshould.) 他说得太 快了。六、“数词+名词+形容词(原级)”表示比拟：24. You are five minutes late. (late = too late)你晚了五分钟。25. His watch is ten minutes fast.他的表快了十分钟。七、副词enough, sufficiently 和形容词same, equal (ly), equivalent 示 “as. as” 如：26. He is strong enough for the job. (=He is as strong as isnecessary for the job.)他十分强壮、能干这项工作。27. It is sufficiently clear. ( = lt is as clear as is necessary.)够清晰的了。28. Tom and Jack are (of) the same age. (=Tom is as old as Jack.)汤姆和杰克同 岁。29. They can run both equally fast.(相当于 One runs as fastas the other.) 他 们俩跑得同样快。八、最高级除了用as. as结构和比拟级表达之外，以下结构也可表示最高级概念：1) . . never+厂so +形容词/副词+名词such (a) +形容词+名词30. 1 have never seen such a large apple behore.(相当于 This is the largest apple I've ever seen.)我从来没见过这么大的苹果。2)否认词+ like, like表示比拟。意思是：没有,，能比得上也不像，更能J。31. There is nothing like leather for shoes. =Nothing is so good as leather for (shoes.)没有比皮革做鞋再好的了。3).the last +名词+不定式/定语从句。12Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong Muyi32. That's the last thing 1 should expect him to do=(lt seems most improbable that he willdo it.)那是他最不可能做的事。九、在科技英语中，常用以下手段来代替“as., .as”或“比拟级+ than”结构：33. The grain output of last year in our province was 绚over that of 1990.我 们省去年的粮食产量比1990年增加20%。34. The new machine can increase 3 times the payload asagainst 1988. 新机器的 有效载荷比1988年增加了两倍。35. The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球大小的 49 倍。36. His income is double what it was five years ago. 他的收入是五前的一倍。37. This year the output of their factory will increase by four times compared with 1978.今年他们厂的产量比1978年的增加四倍。最后，需要指出的是，上述表达比拟的手段虽然在意义上相当于形容词/副词的比拟结 构，但它们在表达方式上是不同的。如介词表示比拟时，比比拟结构更为灵活、简洁、精练， 而动词等的比拟含义那么较含蓄、间接，不及比拟结构显露和强烈。这些差异规定了上述比拟 手段有其适用或不适用的范围，不能完全等同于比拟结构。13Sunny Hometeachin, CenterSanzhong Muyi2.三件或三件以上东西进行比拟，可选用比拟级，也可选用相对最高级。当采用对象形式时，就选用 比拟级，采用范围形式时，那么选用相对最高级。t动比依Thejuler oc the left is 19n的r than any other one <*The ruler pn (he left is ihr loofest of the ihret* rukra. 主动比拟者 相对,高级一比拟范用一The ruler pn (he left is ihr loofest of the ihret* rukra. 主动比拟者 相对,高级一比拟范用一1 n 主动比拟者 比拟或 比校对象 the riffhl.由图可见，范围包括了主动比拟者，而对象那么未包括主动比拟者。试比拟下面这两句：误：He is taller than any student in his class.主动比拟者包括了主动比拟者正：He is taller than any other student in his class.主动比拟者 比拟对象（不包括主动比拟者）彳列 1 He does his homework as as he can.A. careful B. carefully C. more carefully D. care解析句中谓语动词是行为动词，应用副词来修饰。而asas之间应用副词的原级，careful的副词形式是 carefully,因此答案为B。例 2 Wu Peng from Class 1 was.A. in the front B. at the front C. in front D. at front解析in front指的是“在前面”，因此答案为C。例 3 The Class Two runner his stick on the groundA. droped B. to drop C. fall D. dropped解析此题考查动词drop 一般过去时的用法。drop是重读闭音节其过去式应双写最后一个辅音字母。而 选项C是不及物动词，后不能跟宾语。因此答案为D。例 4. Han Meimei did well the exam last week. A. at B. about C. on D. in 正确答案是D。此题主要考查英语的习惯用法和固定搭配。do well in是一个固定结构，其介词用in,不用at. do well in 等于begoodat.英语中，许多习惯用法是约定俗成的，我们在学习时，必须遵循它，要记住这些固定搭配。 例 5. You can' trun to catch it.A. faster enough B. fast enough C. enough fast D. enough faster正确答案是B。此题是考查enough的使用。在这道选择题中，首先知道enough不存在任何形式的比拟，应选项A、D 不在选择之列。我们再看fast enough和enough fast, enough在本句中必须要放在修饰的形容词或副词后面， 特别是enough后面仍接有短语表示“足够时。例如：This book is easy enough for me to read.这本书我读起来非常容易。（修饰形容词）This car runs fast enough to catch any train,这辆汽车开得这么快，足够可能赶上任何一列火车了。（修饰副词） 形容词的级大多数形容词有三个级： 原级，比拟级，最高级Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong Muyi原级即形容词的原形。比拟级表示“更”，“较的意思，用于两者(人或事物)之间的比拟; 最高级表示“最，用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比拟。比拟级的构成是：(1)多数单音节形容词的比拟级和最高级分别在词尾加“刊”或“est"，如：warmer, coldest.(2)以字母e结尾的词在词尾加或u-sf,如:nicer, nicest等。(3)重读闭音节的单词，一般先写最后一个辅音字母，再加，er或“-est”,如：bigger biggest; hotter, hottest.(4)以辅音字母“+y”结尾的词,先变“y”为“i”后,再加或“est"，如:early - earlier - earliest; easy - easier - easiest。(5)某些形容词的比拟级和最高级的变化是不规那么的。good / well - better - best bad/ill 一 worse - worst many/much - more - most little - less - least li:st 形容词的比拟级和最高级的用法。1)形容词比拟级用于两者(人或物)之间的比拟，表示其中一个比另一个“更或“较，后 面用比拟连词than连接另一个所比拟的人或物。上、下文明确时，形容词比拟级也可以单独使用。其句 型为:A+be 形容词的比拟级 than B,如：(1) This box is smaller than that one.这个盒子比那个小。(2) I'm taller thananyofyou.我比你们中任何一个人都高。2)形容词最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比拟，表示其中有一个在某方面超过其他几个时，用高 级。最高级前一般用定冠词the,后面带of(in)短语来说明比拟的范围。of后面一般接表示一群人或事物的代词或名词，in后面一般接表示某一单位或场所的名词。句型为：be+the形容词最高级+of或in短语(表示范围)如：(1) Pm the youngest in my family,我是我家中最小的。(2) I'm the tallest of the three/in the class.我是三个人中/全班最高的。注：在形容词比拟级前，有时可以用much、a little等来修饰。如：much shorter> a little taller. 形容词比拟等级正误例析1.你们的学校比我们的学校大些。误 ：Your school is bigger than us.正 ：Your school is bigger than ours. 析：比拟应在同类事物之间进行，不能把学校与人进行比拟。 2.上海比中国的其它城市都大。误：Shanghai is larger than any city in China.正：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.析：使用比拟级时要防止自身与自身的比拟。误句中的anycity(任何一个城市)包括了上海市，上海不可能比它本身还大。3,那本书是三本书中最好的。误：That book is the best in the three, 正：That book is the best of the three.析：in和of均可引出比拟范围,in后经常接一些表示时间、地点的名词。如：in Australia, in China Two等； of后的名词或代词与句中的主语是同一类人或事物，一般为个体名词。如：of the four girls, of us, of the three 等。4 .星期天是我繁忙的一天。误：Sunday is the my busiest day, 正：Sunday is my busiest day.析：形容词最高级前一般要用定冠词 the,但 当其前已的形容词性物主代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，应去掉the.5 .孔令辉是世界上最好的乒乓球运发动之一。Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong Muyi误：Kong Linghui is one of the best Pingpong player in the world.正：Kong Linghui is one of the best Pingpong players in the world.析：表示“最,之一”含义时应用“one of +最高级+复数名词”结构。6 .我哥比我大得多。误：My brother is very older than I,正：My brother is much older than I.析:very 不可与比拟级或最高级连用。 比拟级前的修饰词可以表示比拟的程度，常用的有much, a little, a bit等。7 .他是两个当中较年轻的一个。误:He is younger of the two. 正:He is the younger of the two.析：一般说来，比拟级前不用定冠词，最高级前要用定冠词，这是约定俗成的规那么。但是如果比拟范围是由of引出的两者之间的比拟，那么比拟级前就要用定冠词the.再如：The boy is the cleverer of the two,这个男孩是两人中较聪明的一个。8 .凯特是三个女孩中最小的。误：Kate is the youngest of all other three girls.正：Kate is the youngest of all the three girls.析：使用最高级时，不能把被比拟的人或物排除在整体之外，即不能使用。ther.9 .她的书法比她哥哥的好。误：Her handwriting is better than her brother.正：Her handwriting is better than her brother's. 析：用于同类事物之间比拟的比拟级，不能把不同类事物进行 比拟。本句错把“她的书法”和“她哥哥”相比。10.周一他们最忙。误:They are the busiest on Mondays.IE： They are busiest on Mondays.析：形容词最高级前要有the,但当形容词最高级作表语时，且无比拟对象或无比拟范围，只用来说明自身状 态时，最高级前不同定冠词the。3 . 3S. .3S.这里的意思是“与,，”一样"。第一个as后面接形容词或副词，但只能用原级，而不用比拟级。第二个 as是连词。例如：(1) The woman is as beautiful as she was.这女人美丽依旧。(2) His handwriting is as good as yours.他的书法和你一样好。构成“asas”的否认句是“not as (so)as”。例如：(3) These young trees are not as (so) tall as those.这些小树没有那些树高。(4) Xiao Ming does not work as hard as Xiao Li.小明的工作不如小李努力。我们讲asas在一般情况下，前一个as后面跟形容词、副词，但以下情况也是经常出现的。例如：(5) There are as many students in our class as in their class.我们班的学生和他们班上的学生一样多。(6) I have made as much progress as I should,我已经取得应有的进步。(7) Try to make as few mistakes as possible.尽量少犯错误。注意：在这种as.as的句子中，有时可在前面加上表示倍数的程度状语。例如：(8) This building is twice as high as that building.这座大楼的学校比1982年增加了两倍。(9) I can't speak half so (as) well as you.我的英语没有你讲得一半好。形容词比拟等级注意点Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong Muyi一、注意双音节形容词比拟等级的构成。大局部双音节形容词是在词尾加-er, -est构成比拟级和最高级；多音节形容词那么要在前面加more或most 构成比拟级或最高级。例如：easy - easier, easiest,careful - more careful, most careful1,一生奴r片儿的*X.加上vr.Z之麻.化”中同上一个lgl+,例yoanigitc)(I1以1纳尼的学客W4后上，.i 之后.clrrrff 11* I -rkvrm三、必须在同类事物之间进行比拟。例如：我的蛋糕比你的大。误：My cake is bigger than your.正：My cake is bigger than yours.析：Yours=your cake,可与 my cake进彳亍比拟。四、注意要防止与自身相比拟。例如：误：Shanghai is bigger than any city in China.正：Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China.析:any city包括Shanghai在内，any other city那么排除了 Shanghai,这样比拟才正确。五、在as,as, not so/as “as结构中,中间必须用原级。例如：I think Chinese is as interesting as English.六、比拟级前的修饰语不可滥用。一般来说，very, quite, too等只能修饰原级；much, a little, a lot, even等可以修饰比拟级。例如：The box is very heavy.This box is much heavier than that one.七、要注意与最高级连用的表示比拟范围的介词in和of. in后常接单数名词，一般表示单位、组织、团体 之类的名词，主语与in后的名词不是同一概念范畴。of后常接复数名词或代词all等，主语与of后的名词 或代词属同一概念范畴。例如：Kate is the oldest in her class.Kate is the oldest of the students.八、形容词最高级前有名词所有格或物主代词时，不用定冠词the.例如：Sunny Hometeaching CenterSanzhong MuyiHe is my best friend.他是我最好的朋友。九、形容词的最高级作表语，且不与其他人或事物作比拟时，也不用定冠词the.例如：We are busiest on Friday,我们星期五最忙。十、在比拟级的句子中，假设有of the two之类意义的词组时，比拟级前要用定冠词the.例如：Jimis the taller of the two boys.吉姆是两个男孩中比拟高的一个。比拟等级典型错误例析误：Shanghai is larger than any city in China.正：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China.析：使用比拟级句型时，一定要防止自身与自身相比，也就是说比拟范围要把主语排除在外。anydty包括 上海市在内，所以要加other,把上海市排除出去。1. 误：She is the cleverest of her sisters.正：She is the cleverest of the sisters.析:使用最高级句型时，主语必须包含在比拟范围内。hersisters不包括she,而thesis史rs那么包括she。3误:My school-bag is newer than you.正：My school -bag is newer than yours.析：使用比拟等级句型时，相比的事物必须是同一类，也就是说必须有可比性。my school-bag是物，而you 是人，显然不可比，而yours指your school-bag,那么可比。4 . 误： Hainan Island is the China's second largest island.正：Hainan Island is China's second largest island.析：形容词最高级一般要加定冠词，但前面有物主代词或所有格时不能加定冠词。5 .误：He is stronger of the two.正：He is the stronger of the two.析：表示“两者中较”的一个”时，比拟级前要加定冠词，表示特指。6 . 误：The box is very bigger than that one.正：The box is much bigger than that one.析：very只能修饰形容词、副词原级。修饰形容词、副词比拟级时要用much或a little,表示得多” 或一点”。7 .误：My books are more than yours.正：I have more books than you.析：more / most / many / much 和 less/least/little 一般不作表语，只能作定语。8 .误：It is easier to ride a bike than driving a car