高中英语经典长难句分析总结.docx

高中英语经典长难句分析总结一、长难句的分类1、带有较多成分的简单句。如：Having chosen family television programs and women s magazines , the toothpaste marketer , for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific womenJ s magazines to be used.例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙 膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以 及那些具体的妇女杂志。在这个有30多个词的简单句中，动词-ing形式短语用 作时间状语，不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women s magazine, 而且还修饰 television programs and stations, exact television 同时修饰 programs 和 stations 两个词， 这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓 语分隔开了。2、含有多个简单句的并列句。如：In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医 生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很 不开心。 在第二个并列句中，即在had前面省略了 and he.Discrimination isn t their only concern； almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington, s gene develops symptoms during middle age, and doctors can do nothing to help,担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑， 几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症 状都会显现出来，而医生对此却无能为力。三个分句均为简单句，分别用分号和and连接。3、含有多个从句的复合句。如：I can t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的 忧虑中：由于地球上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉 越来越多的非再生资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫 穷的生活。在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有 一并列结构的时间状语从句：as-resources.However, those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students graduate with the belief that the prospective workplace may not have a place for them.然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家 长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科 毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。本句的 主谓语是：those of us knowo know有两个由that引导的 宾语从句，其中第二个省略了 know0在主句中还有一个定语 从句修饰those of us,在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位 语从句修饰beliefo4、含有多个插入成分的句子。如：His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software company, he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为 国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长，他当时还是第 一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司的新的 电子邮件系统。as chairman of Computer Associates International 是 he 的同位语，a software company 是 Computer Associates Internationa 1的同位语，他们将从属连词when引导的时间 状语从句的主语分隔开了。5、并列复合句。如：I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable.我 经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑 过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句，其 中还含有一个让步状语从句。 They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism, and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares, vandalism did not often occur.他们 还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要 的作用。当售票员到双层公交车的上层收费时，破坏行为就 不常发生。在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句，在后一个并列 的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句，这个定语从句前省 略了关系词that或when.二、长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定宾语 和宾语补足语；然后确定定语和状语等次要成分，即找出主 语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分，给 出全句大意。译文意思应当通顺，并和上下文意义基本吻合。 如意义出入较大，文理不通，则分析可能有误，这时应考虑重新进行句子结构分析。3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解 为若干个分句；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的 内部结构和句意；然后将全句综合考虑。4、如果是复合句，首先找出从属连词并确定出主句， 这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含 义；接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和 句意；然后确定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语 或结构；最后整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的判 断是否准确。三、长难句分析的注意事项在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：1、是否有同位语和插入语。2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3、替代词的所指对象。4、判断并列成分的层次。5、句首的并列连词and、or、but> for通常起承上启 下的作用，不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。6、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分时又带着自己较 长的从属成分，尤其是状语从句或宾语从句时的结构分析。8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中，状语究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或词语的修饰语。四、长难句分析实例1> Such tasks are generally important in their outcome, which only adds to the pressure to do good job, and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重 要，这为做好工作增加了压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人 很难知道该从何处开始和怎样开始。这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中，有一个 非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome,而是修饰前面的 整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it作 形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的 不定式短语。2、Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to have $5, 000 in loans after four years一loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. 一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作，在暑假 期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5, 000美元学费贷 款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在 已经是很平常了。分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four yearso it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结 构 for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four yearso这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯 定含义。让步状语从句 even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer 被插在不定式 结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句 末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual 分译。3、What emerges is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs, rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境 中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高 客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture,主语 What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明picture的介词短 语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment,在这个定语从句 中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing,介词on后有 三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing, promoting 和 providingo4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished.And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. 正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被侵 犯。但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监 禁的囚犯。第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词，他们起承 上启下的作用。三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句， 最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。五. 经典高考真题实例分析下面这篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个句子，平 均每个句子大约有22个单词，是近几年高考英语阅读理解 中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。A8-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, according to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1, 510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1, 950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by thePortuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. Coming in a closesecondand often wrongly mentioned as the mostdistant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1, 260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and,300 miles west of South America. The mountainous4-square-mile island was settled around theth century, supposedly by people who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1, 000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous. On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the island its name. Today, 000 people live on the Chilean territory. They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.1. 跳读插入语：请看文章第一段的第一句。第一步跳 过插入语找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world。然后再来理解前面的非 谓语动词短语：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810。通过这样 分解难度，我们读得轻松，理解得准确。3.跳读分隔现象：请看文章第二段，这一段有35个 单词，却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象，又包含 了定语从句，又有一个同位语，而且该句还是一个倒装句。 如果从前到后按照顺序来理解，未免有点繁杂，抓不住重点。 所以首先要跳过两个分隔符号之间的内容，同时也要暂时搁 置后面的非限制性定语从句，找出主干并把主干重新倒置过 来变成正常语序：Easter Island is coming in a close second；然后再理解分隔符号之间的内容和后面的定语从句 等附加成分：Easter Island常常被误认为是最偏僻的岛屿, 它在最临近的岛屿东面1, 260英里，在南美西面2, 300英里。4.跳读定语从句：定语从句在阅读理解中是很常见 的，有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句用来限定所 修饰的词，与之关系非常密切，阅读时要特别注意两者的密 切联系，跳过限制性定语从句找到主句后要马上回头理解它 的含义，确定它与先行词的修饰关系。如文章第三段的第一 个句子里就有一个限制性定语从句：who were lost at sea. 阅读时一定要注意它与people的密切联系：不是别人而是 在大海里迷路的人五世纪左右在那里定居。而非限制性定语 从句与所修饰的词关系不是很密切，主要起补充说明作用， 它可能出现在主句中间，也可能出现在句尾。如果它出现在 句中，阅读时可以跳过去然后再来理解，也可以一起顺便读 过去。如果非限制性定语从句出现在句尾，那阅读时很方便, 看完主句后附带着看一下就可以了，因为它只是对先行词的补充说明。如这一段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous.看完主句我们得知该岛与外界隔绝了一千多年，使 得岛上的人们有充足的时间来修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然 后再附带得知该岛以这些石雕而闻名。高中英语长难句分析方法一、长难句的分类1、带有较多成分的简单句。任务：a.请勾画出句子主谓，在翻译句子。b.判断 非谓语动词充当的成分。1) Having chosen family television programs and women s magazines , the toothpaste marketer , for instance, must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific women s magazines to be used.例如，决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后，牙膏经 销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台，以及那 些具体的妇女杂志。2、含有多个简单句的并列句。任务：a.请勾画出并列连词b.勾画出所有分句的 主谓，在翻译句子。2) In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale, had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children, but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代，他在耶鲁当外科医 生，有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的孩子，但他那时过得却很 不开心。3) Discrimination isnt their only concern； almost everyone testing positive for the Huntington s gene develops symptoms during middle age, and doctors can do nothing to help.担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑，几乎所有遗传 性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显现出 来，而医生对此却无能为力。3、包含多个从句的复合句。任务：a.请用不同形式勾画出所有从句b.圈出从 句修饰的词，并判断从句性质，在翻译句子。4) I can t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable resources, our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中：由于地球 上人口的不断增长，由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生 资源，我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。5) However, those of us who are parents of childrenin this age group know that such offers are relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students graduate with the belief that the prospective workplace may not have a place for them,然而，我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家 长们都知道，这样的机会少得可怜；我们也知道，许多文科 毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。4. 并列句中包含复合句。任务：a.请勾画出并列连词，b,勾画出并列分句中 的从句。c圈出从句修饰的词，并判断从句性质。6) I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse, but I have never questioned the fact that whether I liked it or not, change was unavoidable.我 经历过好的变化，也经历过坏的变化，但是我从来没有怀疑 过这样一个事实，即不管我喜欢与否，变化总是不可避免的。5、含有多个插入成分或分隔成分的句子。任务：&请将插入成分划掉，再来翻译句子。7) His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International, a software company, he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system,他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里 糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事 长，他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了 他们公司的新的电子邮件系统。二、长难句分析步骤1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。2、如果是简单句，首先确定主谓结构；接着确定次要 成分。3、如果是并列句，首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解 为若干个分句，有时候并列分句中含有复合句。4、如果是复合句，首先找出连词并确定主句；然后确 定从句的性质，即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构；最后 整体考虑全句大意，尤其要注意对修饰语的准确判断，有时 候从句中包含着另一从句。5、有分隔成分或插入语的，可以跳读分隔符号之间的 内容，过后再来理解。三、长难句分析的注意事项在分析句子成分时，还应特别注意下列几点：1、是否有同位语和插入语。2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。3、替代词的所指对象。4、在从句多的句子中，从句中又包含从句的现象。5、同时含有并列句和复合句时，理清句子层次。四、长难句分析实例1. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime.由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难 的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子 邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。2. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再 被说本族语的人们理解的形式。3. Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet, whether it be a cat 、 dog or snake!来自动物医院的故事，将使这个电视节目的爱好者以 及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人 感到高兴4. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals in salt Lake City.据盐湖城的ITA的观点，闪烁的棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴， 并有无条件的爱心，狗能成为无判断力的听者，这是刚开始 搞阅读的小孩所需要的。5. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.这个岛屿，于1506年被同名的葡萄牙上将发现，在1810 年有人居住，现在属于英国，人口数有几百人。6. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.他们已有一千多年与外界没有联系，这给他们充足的 时间来修建1000多座巨大的石像，被称为莫艾，因为有这 个东西这个岛屿极其出名。7. Whereas a woman s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn t unusual to hear a man say he didn t knowhis friend, s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开 一次失败的婚姻；而听见一个男人说直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家 的沙发上他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常 的。 简析：夹杂多种语法结构not unusual二usual ； notuntil, 直至U才。8. Whereas a woman, s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it wasn t unusual to hear a man say he didn t know his friend s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.一个女人最亲密的女性朋友可能是第一个告诉她离开 一次失败的婚姻；而听见一个男人说直到他的朋友一天晚上问他是否可以睡在他家 的沙发上他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，这是很平常 的。 简析：夹杂多种语法结构not unusual二usual ； not.until, 直到才。9. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island8miles away.他禁不住寻思起来，要是果真有什么意外，除非附近 有条船，他用无线电能联系上的最近的人远在885英里以外 的岛上。10. How could I ever get him to finish unloading the car without screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls, who I would have to spend the rest of the year with?我怎么才能让父亲卸完车上的行李而不向我大喊 大叫，在其他女孩子而前出洋相呢？我还要和这些女孩一起 度过以后的日子。11. The measure of a man s real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out. 衡 量一个人真正品质的标准是看如果他知道他不会被别人发 现的情况下他会做些什么事。12. Such tasks are generally important in their outcome, which only adds to the pressure to do good job, and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重要，这为做好工作增加了 压力，然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开始和 怎样开始。这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中，有 一个非限制性定语从句，但它不修饰outcome,而是修饰前 面的整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构，用it 作形式宾语，实际宾语为带有连接副词的 不定式短语。13、Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer , to have $5,000 in loans after four years一loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. 一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作， 在暑假期间做全职工作，四年下来他仍会欠下5, 000美元 学费贷款，而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的 事现在巳经是很平常了。分析本句应抓住其关键结构：it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four yearso it是形式主语，实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结 构 for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four yearso这里应注意not unusual是双重否定，实际表示肯 定含义。让步状语从句 even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer 被插在不定式 结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句 末是一个完整的内容，因此翻译中将他们连在一起，而把it is not unusual 分译。3、 What emerges is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs, rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境，在这种环境 中，只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用，而不考虑提高 客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture,主语 What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明picture的介词短 语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment,在这个定语从句 中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing,介词on后有 三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语，分别为：managing, promoting 和 providingo4. Without this knowledge we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why it was produced or the concepts that shaped it and caused it to adopt its distinctive forms.本句是由两个并列句构成的，Without this knowledge 是状语，主句是 we can appreciate only the formal content of Egyptian art, and we will fail to understand why or the concepts,就是说我们只能在形式上理解埃及的艺术， 不能理解为什么埃及艺术会是这样和内容会是这样的，在 why后面的从句和concepts后面各有一个句子来具体讲它们的内容，频繁出现的and扰乱了同学们对于句子结构的把握。 concepts 后面 that 弓|导的 shaped it a