Non-current assets固定资产管理.docx

Non-current assets非流动资产A. Property, plant and equipmentB. Depreciationof assetsC. InvestmentsD. Other non-current assetsE. Management of property, plant and equipmentA. Property, plant and equipment (PPE)A.物业，厂房及设备（PPE）These assets are carried on the balance sheet at historical acquisition cost. If an asset is transferred between two units of the Group, the acquiring entity must record it in its accounts at the same historical cost that appeared on the books of the selling entity (gross amount less deprecation accumulated locally).这些资产是按历史进行了收购成本资产负债表。如果资产是两个集团之间的单位转让，收购的实体必须在其帐目记录在同一历史成本，对销售实体（累计折旧总额减本地）的书出现了。Property, plant and equipment is depreciated on a straight-line basis using the useful lives specified by the Group.物业，厂房及设备折旧以直线法使用由集团指定的有益生活的基础。Assets acquired on lease are considered to be the property of the unit from the time of acquisition; a corresponding liability is recognised on the balance sheet in the amount of the gross value. On this subject, see the attached file that defines a lease (finance lease) contract and specifies the requisite accounting treatment under IFRS.对租赁购入的资产被认为是从收购时间单位的财产;相应的责任是在量的总价值的资产负债表确认。关于这个问题，请参阅附加文件，它定义一个租赁（融资租赁）合同，并指定所需的国际财务报告准则下的会计处理。a) Acquisition cost of a PPE asset a）个人防护用品的资产购买成本This cost is the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid, or the fair value of any other consideration given, to acquire the asset.这个成本是现金或现金等价物支付的金额，或任何其他代价的公平值给出，收购资产。The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:一个物业，厂房及设备项目成本包括：1) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates,1）其购买价格，包括进口关税和非退还购置税扣除贸易折扣和回扣，2) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management,2）任何直接应占成本将资产的位置和必要条件，它是由管理层预期方式运作能力，3) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located.3）把该项目的拆迁和恢复上它位于网站的费用的初步估计。Examples of directly attributable costs are: 直接应占成本的例子有：-) initial delivery and handling costs,最初的交付和处理成本，-) installation and assembly costs,安装和装配成本 -) professional fees,专业费用，-) costs of testing whether the asset is functioning properly,检测费用，无论是正常的资产，-) costs of site preparation.场地准备的成本。The cost of an asset produced by the entity for its own use is determined using the same principles as for an acquired asset, that is, it includes all directly attributable costs that were needed to create the asset and prepare it for use.由为自己的使用实体产生了资产的成本乃使用作为一个收购的资产相同的原则，也就是说，它包括了所有直接归属被需要创造资产，并准备使用它的成本。The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment is the cash price equivalent at the recognition date.一个项目的成本的财产,厂房和设备是在现货价格相当于识别的日期。a) Accounting for depreciationa）折旧核算After the end of the depreciation period, the cumulative result is clearly the same whether one looks at the consolidated or the statutory financial statements; this arises because the amounts of historical cost and accumulated depreciation are the same in both cases. 之后的折旧期结束时，累积的结果显然是一个人是否在统一或法定财务报表看起来相同;出现这种情况，因为历史成本及累计折旧金额在两种情况下相同。The result differs in each year, however, depending on which of the two sets of financial statements one is looking at. In our example, the application of IFRS and Group accounting policies has led to straight-line depreciation over an economic useful life, whereas local rules have entailed declining-balance depreciation over a shorter life. 结果不同,然而,在每年根据其采用两套财务报表是看着。在我们的例子中,应用国际财务报告准则和集团的会计政策导致了直线折旧超过一个经济使用寿命,而本地规则已经带来双倍余额递减法提折旧额较短的生命。 Each year, the difference between the consolidated Group allowance for depreciation (for financial reporting purposes) and the statutory allowance (for legal and tax purposes) constitutes an adjustment that must be applied to the consolidated financial statements in order to produce the statutory financial statements. Note that this temporary difference will give rise to a calculation of deferred tax. 每年，折旧综合集团之间的差额津贴（财务报告的目的）和法定津贴（法律和税收的目的），构成一个必须适用于综合财务报表，以便产生法定财务报表的调整。请注意，这会产生暂时性差异的递延税项一个计算。b) Accounting for intragroup transfers of assets b)占集团内的资产转让When non-current assets are transferred between Group entities, the valuation amount is the greater of the following two values: 当非流动资产集团实体之间转让的，估价金额为以下两个值中较大：- Net value for tax purposes-为税务目的净值- 10% of the value originally recognised under IFRS(As an exception to this rule, transfers between French entities will always be valued at net value for tax purposes). Returning to the example given above, the asset transferred to a French subsidiary at the end of the second year would be sold at a transfer price of 30,000.On the transfer date, the consolidated carrying amount of this asset is 60,000. In its own accounts, the selling entity will therefore recognise a loss of 30,000.The selling entity will have to indicate the consolidated carrying amount at the transfer date (cost less accumulated depreciation) to the acquiring entity, which will then record it in its accounts with the entries below:Thereafter, depreciation will be handled as follows:- Here again, it is clear that, after the depreciation period at the acquirer of the transferred asset has ended, the result is identical in both the consolidated and statutory financial statements, even though it differed year by year because of adjustments. This identity of end result is essential if the Group's consolidated financial statements are to be correctly reflected in the statutory financial statements.- (a) Note that any losses (or gains) on asset transfers if material will give rise to an adjustment so as not to have an impact on the subsidiaries.- (b) Note also that at consolidated Group level, there is zero impact on profit and loss.d) Accounting for an asset acquired on lease From a legal standpoint, a lease is a contract to rent a good that does not entail a transfer of ownership to the lessee (title is retained by the lessor).In contrast, under IFRS, a finance lease is considered from an economic standpoint to be an acquisition financed by a dedicated borrowing.For this reason, it is important to obtain from the lessor a schedule of future lease payments that shows the allocation of each payment between repayment of principal and interest.Assuming an item of equipment depreciable over five years, the entries below would be made in the consolidated and statutory accounts:Once again, the cumulative effect of the accounting entries is exactly equal in both sets of accounts.However, the classification by nature of certain expenses changes: lease payments in the amount of 120,000 in the statutory accounts appear in the consolidated accounts as allowances for depreciation of 100,000 and interest costs of 20,000.Thus, we have here a combination of adjustments (year-by-year differences in profit or loss) and reclassifications (changes in the nature of certain expenses).B. Depreciation of assets In order to permit meaningful comparisons between the results of the various Group units, all units should apply the same depreciation methods and rates, both for the inclusion of depreciation expense in production costs and for Group reporting purposes.a) The different types of depreciation calculations Each company may be required to calculate two types of depreciation allowances:1) Book depreciation:Used for all items that go into financial reporting, book depreciation is based on the historical cost (value at acquisition) of the non-current assets.The annual depreciation expense is calculated on a straight-line basis in accordance with the useful lives established by the Group (see § b). Useful lives used by the Group).Once the carrying amount of an asset has been reduced to zero, depreciation of that asset ceases.Any difference between technical and book depreciation allowances is identified on a separate line of the income statement (see the procedure Other income and expense). 2) Statutory depreciation:Used only in drawing up statutory financial statements required by local law and in determining taxable income, this allowance is calculated with a view to optimising tax expense while complying with applicable rules in each country.The difference between book and statutory depreciation allowances gives rise to an adjustment that makes it possible to prepare the statutory financial statements required locally from the Group's consolidated financial reporting. Summary of the different types of depreciation calculations: BasisDepreciablelifeGroupBook depreciationHistorical cost (1)GroupLegalrequirementsStatutory depreciationBook value (statutory)Local rules + tax optimisation(1) in hard currency (USD, EUR or previously FRF), for high-inflation countries.b) Useful lives used by the Group c) Recognition of depreciation on new products (see also the procedure PRI Industrial cost price).The general rule is depreciation pro-rated over time, except in the case of specific machinery and tooling of significant value.-) Depreciation per unit (allowance per unit produced) Exceptions should be validated by Group Finance control.(See procedure of PRI calculation)C. InvestmentsCosts relating to acquisition of investments are excluded from expenses of the accounting period during which they were incurred and added to the carrying amount of the relevant investments.Generally, no impairment can be recognised on an investment in a company in which the Group's equity interest is greater than or equal to 20%. In such case, the company will either be consolidated by the Group or accounted for using the equity method, and any impairment recognised at local level would conflict with direct recognition of the company's profit or loss in the Group's consolidated financial statements.Some companies that meet this holding percentage condition, however, may not be consolidated or equity-accounted by the Group. Thus, before impairment can be recognised on an investment, it must be ascertained that the investee company is not consolidated or equity-accounted by the Group. D. Other non-current assetsExcept where specific local regulations provide otherwise, there are no differences in the accounting treatment of other non-current assets between the consolidated and statutory financial statements.However, in the case of long-term security deposits and other collateral (which may sometimes be regarded as permanent) or certain long-term loans on which interest is not capitalised, allowances may be recognised in the consolidated financial statements in order to state these future receivables at their present economic value. Such allowances can relate only to receivables of material amount and can be recognised only with the prior consent of the Group.E. Management of property, plant and equipmentProperty, plant and equipment are goods intended to serve the business activity of the entity on a lasting basis.Compliance with minimum internal control rules requires implementation of a system for managing such assets.a) Acquisition of assetsEvery proposed acquisition of a PPE asset must be formally approved by the manager of the establishment or a person specifically designated by him or her for this purpose.Acquisition or creation of a PPE asset with a value below the threshold for capitalisation under local tax rules is charged directly to expense.1) The asset is bought from outside the entityThe value of the asset comprises:· the purchase price resulting from the definitive invoice, without regard to settlement procedures (discounting, foreign exchange gain or loss). · costs incidental to the purchase, if they can be identified individually:. VAT and non-refundable purchase taxes,. import duties,. transport, installation and assembly costs.2) The asset is produced by the entity for its own use (TFE) For each self-produced asset, a management accounting process must be implemented using a file number, to enable tracking of actual versus projected performance as regards:- the duration and dates of the work,- the materials consumed,- the outside purchases attributable to the self-produced asset,- the labour units consumed,- the in-service date.This tracking sheet will be used by Accounting for valuation purposes and kept on file as supporting documentation.The value of the asset is the cost price, which is composed of the actual purchase cost of materials and supplies consumed and the internal labour cost (based on hourly rates).3) Maintenance and repair costs Expenditures that have the effect of maintaining PPE assets in normal conditions of use until the end of the depreciation period are treated as operating expenses.In contrast, expenditures that have the effect of increasing the value of an asset or the useful life of an asset are treated as assets themselves. They must be capitalised and depreciated over the remaining life of the asset item.b) Physical asset management1) Identification:Every separately identifiable asset item (industrial equipment, tooling, etc.) must be physically identified by a permanent tag with an asset identification number. This information must be reproduced in the asset register file, which must contain at least the following items: · asset identification number, · account code, · brief description of the asset, · name of the cost centre/workshop to which the asset has been assigned, · value of the asset, · name of supplier and purchase invoice number, · geographic location of the asset, · date of acquisition, · date of entry in the balance sheet (starting date for depreciation). 2) Asset registerAll property, plant and equipment assets belonging to the company must be checked against the asset register at least once every four years.This reconciliation may be performed on a rotating basis over a four-year cycle. Each subsidiary or establishment must prepare a written procedure for physical inventory reconciliation.3) Leasing:Assets leased by the entity must be managed in the asset accounting file, and book depreciation must be recognised on them, whenever the lease is significant in amount, has the characteristics of an acquisition and meets at least two of the following three criteria:· the lease confers a purchase option, · the present value of future minimum lease payments is greater than 90% of the market value of the leased asset, · the contractual term of the lease is greater than three-quarters of the estimated life of the leased asset.c) Removal from the balance sheetBecause some taxes may be based on an entity's assets, it is important that no PPE asset, even one that is fully depreciated, be kept on the