【强烈推荐】高一英语上重要语法讲解.doc

|定语从句1. 定语从句的结构及理解2. 定语从句的关系词的使用3. 定语从句的简化表达知识总结归纳（一）定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子（做这个名词或代词的定语）叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词（关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why）。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+ 定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.3. A theme park is a collection of rides, exhibitions or other attractions that are based on a common theme.4. The park has a conservation center that helps protect marine animals and their habitats in the rivers and coastal waters of Asia.5. Visitors can go on exciting rides where they can feel what it is like to do the things they have seen their heroes do in the movie.6. Oprah Winfrey is a black woman whose rise to fame is an inspiring story.（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.4. Their talk includes rhythm and rhyming words as well as tongue twisters, which often make the audience applaud.（三）关系词前面可以根据定语从句的内容加上一些介词，这些关系词在介词后面常用which 或 whom.1. There was a man with whom I would have to work together and finally the manager of the company.2. Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea when they remembered the scenes in which people were eaten by the shark.知识重点与难点（一）当先行词有最高级，序数词修饰，是不定代词，或是 all, no, only 等形式时，关系代词一般用 that，而不能用 which。1. The Titanic was the largest ship that had ever been built at that time.2. There is one thing that keeps worrying me.|（二）当先行词是表示时间，地点，原因的词时，关系词用 when, where, why 还有 which, that1. Im very glad to return to my hometown where I had lived for 10 years.2. This is my hometown which I used to talk about to you.3. I think I can understand the reason why he didnt tell the truth to me.4. No one believes the reason that he gave us about his absence at the meeting.（三）定语从句的简化表达： 1. The man who is sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question that is being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：以上的定语从句部分可以用更加简单的非谓语形式表达出来：1. The man sitting on the platform is a professor from Wuhan University.2. The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.3. The question being discussed is very important.4. You are welcome to a party to be given in our class at 7:45.说明：修饰一个名词除了后面用定语从句以外，还可以用非谓语动词形式：doing 短语，done 短语，being done 短语， to be done 短语修饰。其结构和意思如下：1. 被修饰名词+doing 短语： 正在做.的人/ 正在发生的事。2. 被修饰名词+ done 短语： 被.的人/ 事3. 被修饰名词+being done 短语：正在被.的人/事4. 被修饰名词+ to be done 短语：将要被.的人/事（1）Do you know the man talking to my sister ?（2）The “crazy” gesture, moving the index finger in a circle in front of the ear, means “you have a phone call” in Brazil.（3）Did you see that car being repaired ?（4）In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.（5）The students to attend the meeting will arrive here tomorrow.（6）Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.（7）The Yellow River, said to be “the mother river” runs across China like a huge dragon.总结：以上做定语的那些短语就是英语语法中所说的分词，不定式的各种形式作定语。1. 这些短语作定语应放在被修饰名词的后面。如果单独一个 V-ing 或 V-ed 形式作定语，则可以放在被修饰名词前面。2. 分词作定语时，其动作应与全句动作同时发生。V-ing 表示主动意义和正在做，V-ed表示被动意义。being done 表示正在被做的3. 不定式作定语表示将要发生的，to be done 表示将要被做的【典型例题】例 1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives.A. which B. that C. who D. it分析：_ plays an important role in peoples lives 为非限定性定语从句修饰先行词Friendship 用 which 连接定语从句。|答案：A例 2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. who B. whom C. with whom D. to whom分析：_ I worked three years ago 作为定语从句修饰先行词 Uncle Li，从句完整的表达是：I worked with Uncle Li three years ago. 所以关系词前应加上介词 with。答案：C例 3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained分析：定语从句_ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work 修饰先行词 the reason 指“他在会上就他工作中的粗心解释的原因。先行词在从句中做宾语。 答案：A例 4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. which D. whose分析：非限定性定语从句_ work is rather hard 修饰先行词 teachers, 它与从句中的work 是从属关系，关系词用 whose 答案：D例 5 The Olympic Games , _ in 776 BC, didnt included women players until 1912. A. first playing B. to be first playedC. first played D. to be first playing分析：公元前 776 年被首次举行的奥运会，直到 1912 年才容纳女运动员。_in 776 BC 做定语修饰 The Olympic Games，指过去的内容，表示被动。用 done 做定语。 答案：C例 6 The houses _ for the teachers and the construction work will start soon.A. built B. to be built C. to build D. being built分析：根据句意房子即将开工。_ for the teachers and the construction work 修饰The houses 应为 The houses The houses 将要为教师和施工修建的房子。 答案：B例 7 How many of us_, a meeting that is not important to us would be interested in the discussion?A. attended B. attending C. to attend D. have attended分析：根据句意：比如说，我们当中参加一个对我们毫不重要的会议的人会有多少人对这个讨论感兴趣呢？_, say, a meeting that is not important to us 修饰 How many of us做定语。与全句动作同步. 答案：B例 8 She has three children, _ is working in Australia.A. who B. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them分析：非限定性定语从句_ is working in Australia 修饰先行词 three children，根据从句|中的 is 判断，是说：三个孩子中的一个在澳大利亚工作。 答案：B【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed.A. whom I think did B. whom I think she didC. who I think did D. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket.A. by which B. on which C. with which D. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. where B. which C. to which D. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. when B. in that C. which D. in which5. 1. Dont you think the question _ tomorrow is of great importance.A. being discussed B. discussedC. to be discussed D. to discuss6. The food _ at the moment is for the dinner party.A. cooked B. to be cooked C. is being cooked D. being cooked7. Do you know the teacher _ under the big tree ?A. read B. reads C. reading D. being read【试题答案】1. C Susan 正是我认为作了好事的那位女孩。先行词 the very girl 在从句中做 think 的宾语，同时又是后面宾语从句 did the good deed.的主语，所以关系词不能用 whom2. C 定语从句_ he could buy a train ticket.修饰先行词 money：用这笔钱买火车票。关系词前面需要加介词：with3. C 定语从句_ he devoted much time 意思是：他把大量的时间都投入在这本书上了。devote.to sth.关系词前加介词： to4. A 定语从句_ I was given an opportunity to act in the play 修饰先行词 the day ：先行词 the day 在从句中做时间状语：在这一天我得到了扮演一个角色的机会。5. C 短语_ tomorrow 做定语修饰 the question，根据表达的内容：明天即将被讨论的问题。应当用不定式的被动结构做定语。6. D 短语_ at the moment 做 the food 的定语,表示：正在做的食物。Being done 做定语表示：正在被的。7. C 现在分词短语 reading under the big tree 做定语修饰 the teacher 表示：正在大树下看书的那位老师。情态动词1. 情态动词的推测表达2. 情态动词表达虚拟语气|3. 某些情态动词的特殊用法知识重点与难点总结知识重点：情态动词在表达推测意义的句子中的运用：（一）用情态动词表达事实的推测。can，could，might，may，must 可以用来表达对事实的推测。根据说话人对事实的把握性大小，must 表示“肯定 ”，may / might / can / could表示“可能”， must 只用于肯定句中，may / might 的否定式 may not / might not 表示 “可能不”, 而 can / could 可以用于疑问句，表示“可能，可能吗?”，其否定式cant / couldnt 表示“不可能 ”。用情态动词可以对现在或过去的事实进行推测。对不同的时间内容推测有不同的结构。（二）对现在的事实进行推测：主要结构：must / may / might +动词原形be+名词/ 形容词/介词短语be + doing例句：1. You must be Jeanne. Im Mathilde Loisel. We used to know each other very well. 2. They must be in bed already at this time of the night.3. The teacher must be joking.4. Freda isnt in class. She must be sick.5. There must be something wrong.6. She might be very clever, but she hasnt got much common sense.7. He may be arriving this evening.8. He may be traveling around the world.9. The keys cant be in the room. I have just searched it very carefully.10. Can the news be true ?（三）对过去的事实进行推测：结构：情态动词+have done / been+名词/形容词/介词短语例句：1. Mrs. Longmans must have been a pretty girl in her youth.2. He couldnt have seen Anna yesterday. Shes gone abroad.3. I think I must have left my glasses in the library.4. He might have overslept again.5. Where can Tom have gone ?情态动词表达虚拟语气：表达“本来”，“不然早就”。这是情态动词的一种虚拟语气用法。表示说话人所讲的与所发生的事实相反。表达了说话人的埋怨，后悔的语气。其结构是在一些情态动词后面加 have done 结构。根据要表达的意思，有如下结构：should have done / ought to have done：本应该shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done：本不该could have done：本来可以neednt have done：本来没必要would like to have done：本来很想would rather not have done: 本来不愿意|could / might / have done: 不然早就例句：1. You shouldnt have laughed at his mistakes.2. You could have told us earlier.3. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.4. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.5. We need not have been in a tearing hurry to catch the train.6. They would like to have seen that film last film.7. If he had given me his number, I could have telephoned him.8. They might have been frozen to death but for the rescue in time.知识难点：某些情态动词的特殊用法：need 和 dare 的两种形式的用法need 和 dare 可以用做实义动词，后面接不定式（to do）结构，在疑问句和否定句中，加助动词 do/does/did/或 dont/doesnt/didnt。作为情态动词使用时，主要用于疑问句和否定句中。情态动词 neednt（没有必要，不必）相当于 dont have to例句：1. It is cold, you need to wear some warm clothes.2. Need I stay here with you for a while ? Thank you, you neednt.3. How dare you speak to parents like that ?注意：句型 I dare say+从句。 意思是：我肯定 = Im sure 或 There is no doubt that+从句。例句：I dare say that my uncle will get the money if I die.will 和 would表示“意志”或“愿意”，would 则指过去愿意做例句：1. He said that he would help us.2. You may telephone if you will accept this job.would 可以表达“过去习惯做”类似于“used to do”例句：1. When we were children, we would go swimming every summer in that river.表示请求，固定的句型：Will/Would you please do? / Would you like to do?例句：Will/Would you please give him a message when you see him ?shall1. 用于第一，三人称，表示“请求”；“建议” 或“推荐”例句：1. Shall we start the meeting now?2. Shall I watch TV now ?3. Shall my son carry the case for you ?2. 用于第二人称，表示“命令，“要求”，“许诺”例句：1. You shall take whatever you like.|2. You shall not go to the party with me if you make so much noise again.在表示推测的否定句或疑问句中，常用 can /cant /could / couldnt 表示，意思是：“可能吗?”；“ 不可能”。而不能使用 mustnt 或 must 等词。【典型例题】1. Do you think he will do me a favor ?As far as I know, he is the last one to help others. He _ be prepared to give you a hand, though.A. might B. must C. can D. should分析：本题考查情态动词推测性用法。 根据 he is the last one to help others.（他是最不可能帮助别人的人），既然如此，那么“帮助你”的可能性也就最小了。 答案为 A2. Look, someone is coming. Guess who it _ be ?I think it _ be Tom.I dont think it _ be _ .A. can ; must ; can ; he B. may ; can ; must ; himC. must ; can ; must ; his D. might ; must ; can ; himself分析：根据备选答案。 can 表示推测时用于疑问句或否定句中。本题首句就应该是Guess who can it be? 第二句应该是 I think it must be Tom.（说话人十分肯定）。第三句表达了说话人对前一个人的否定。即：I dont think it can be him/he.（不可能是他）。答案为 A3. Do you know Ms. Wang likes walking after supper ?Sure. She _ around the campus now.A. must be walking B. must walkC. may walk D. may be walking分析：关键词 Sure 告诉我们说话人的口气十分肯定。根据句子语境：她此刻肯定正在校园散步呢。must be doing 表示肯定正在做。答案为 A4. I stayed at a hotel in New York.Oh, did you ? You _ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would say D. must have stayed分析：首句说：我在纽约住在一家宾馆里。在此 a hotel 是泛指。所以 D 选项不合题意。第二句在说：你本来可以和 Barbara.住在一起的。Could have done 表示：本来可以。答案为 A5. Why didnt you tell me there was no meeting today ? I _ all the way here through the heavy snow.A. neednt have driven B. cant have drivenC. mustnt have driven D. shouldnt have driven分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。Neednt have done 表示本来没必要。答案为 A6. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should have done 正好表达了本句的意思。答案为 B7. A：Are you coming to Jeffs party ?B：Im not sure. I _ go to the concert instead.|A. must B. would C. should D. might分析：根据 B 的回答：我不一定去，我有可能去听音乐会。Might 表示推测：可能。答案为 D8. A：I promise that she _ get a nice present on her birthday.B：Will it be a big surprise to her ?A. should B. must C. would D. shall分析：A 说：“我答应她在生日聚会上她会得到一份生日礼物。shall 表示许诺。答案为 D【模拟试题】1. A：Is John coming by train ?B：He should, but he _ not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may2. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up.A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving3. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm and gone to sleep again.A. might B. should C. can D. will4. You _ be tiredYouve only been working for an hour.A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not5. I didnt go to work yesterday afternoon because my car broke down.You _ mine. I wasnt using it.A. might borrow B. could have borrowedC. can have borrowed D. ought to borrow6. A man answered the phone. I suppose it was her husband.It _ her husband. He has been dead for ages.A. mustnt be B. couldnt have beenC. may not have been D. mustnt have been【试题答案】1. 分析：根据 B 的回答“他应该（坐火车来），但是也不一定，他喜欢开自己的车。本题考查了情态动词的推测用法。may 表示不十分有把握的推测。答案为 D2. 分析：根据句意： White 先生本应该在 8:30 到这里出席会议的，可他（在 8:30）没有到场。Should have done 表示：本应该。答案为 A3. 分析：本句是说话人在解释迟到的原因：我或许是关掉闹钟又睡了。might have done 表示对过去的推测：可能已经答案为 A4. 分析：根据后半句 Youve only been working for an hour.（你才刚干了一个小时）说明You _ be tired（你不可能很累）， cant 表示“不可能”答案为 C5. 分析：听到对方说“昨天车坏了而没去上班”，第二个人说“你本来可以借我的车去上班。” 本来可以/能：could have done. 答案为 B6. 分析：第二个人是说：那个人不可能是她丈夫，因为她丈夫已经去世多年了。根据对话的语境，是在谈论过去的事，表示过去不可能：could not have done 答案为：B|与 it 有关的主要句型it 强调句型知识总结归纳：（一）it 用做形式主语或形式宾语：根据句子结构的需要， it 用做形式主语或形式宾语，而真正的主语或宾语（to do 短语，doing 短语，名词性从句）则放在句尾。主要句型：Its +形容词/名词+ 连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.find / make / think / feel it +形容词/名词+连词+名词性从句to do sth.doing sth.例句：1. It will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English . 2. Its usual for close friends to have similar ideas and beliefs . 3. Its a pity that I didnt think of it earlier.4. Its no use going there so early.5. Out teacher thinks it no good learning without practice.6. Didnt I make it clear to you that I was not coming ?7. We found it strange that no one would take the money.（二）其他句型1. It takes+时间段+sb.+ to do sth.2. 表示“据说，据报道，/人们认为 /相信/建议等Its said that.Its reported that Its believed/thought/suggested that例句：1. It generally takes time to reach this pointbeing on the same wavelength . 2. It is believed that the two children went off exploring（探险）on their own and get stuck on the cliff . 3. Its suggested that we should have a meeting to discuss the problem . 4. It was once predicted（预测） that British and American English would become separate languages finally . （三）it 在强调句型中：在英语中，为了突出强调句子的某一个成分（谓语除外），达到强调或使听话人特别注意这一部分的目的。便形成了一种强调句型。It is / was+被强调的部分+that / who+句子的其他部分。It is / was not until+时间+that+句子的其他部分。|例句：1. I saw John on my way to school this morn