托马斯哈代介绍.ppt

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)English poet and novelist,famous for his depictions of the imaginary country“Wessex”.Hardys works reflected his stoical pessimism and sense of tragedy in human life.09英本英本6 马晓萌马晓萌 82ContentsvBriefIntroductionvMajorWorksvTess of the DUrbervillesvBorn:2June1840vDied:11January1928vOccupation:architectwriter(Naturalist,Novelist,Poet,andShortStorywriter)vafamouscriticalrealisticwritervthelastimportantnovelistoftheVictorianagevAttheageof16,hebecameapprenticedtoalocalarchitect,buthegaveuparchitecturein1874.vBecauseofmarriage,hebegantowritepoemsandnovels,whichidealizedtherurallife.vTess(1891)andJude(1896)shockedBritishpruderiesandHardywasterriblyabusedforbeing“filthy”.vHardyannouncedin1896thatJudewashislastnovel,andturnedwithrelieftothewritingofpoetry.vHardysfinalyearswerefullofhonors.Hediedin1928.BecausemostofHardysnovelstakeplaceinthepartly-real,partly-dreamcountyofWessex(namedaftertheAnglo-Saxonkingdomwhichexistedinthearea),hisnovelswerecalledWessex Novel(威塞克斯小说）威塞克斯小说）.theevolutionofWessextheEnglishsocietyinthe19thcentury,loveforhishometown,hisindividualphilosophy.Hardys work as an architectvIn1870,whileonanarchitecturalmissiontorestoretheparishchurchinCornwall,HardymetandfellinlovewithEmmaLaviniaGifford,whomhemarriedin1874.Althoughhelaterbecameestrangedfromhiswife,whodiedin1912,herdeathhadatraumaticeffectonhim.Afterherdeath,HardymadeatriptoCornwalltorevisitplaceslinkedwiththeircourtship,andhisPoems 1912-13reflectuponherpassing.vIn1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.However,heremainedpreoccupiedwithhisfirstwifesdeathandtriedtoovercomehisremorsebywritingpoetryHardys First WifeEmma Gifford:a woman of high social status.She had a very interesting personality and was always remember by visitors to the Hardy household.She died in 1912.Thomas and Emma Hardy resided at Max Gate from 1884 onward.Desighed by Hardy himselfSecond wifeHardys nurse,companion and fan.In 1914,Hardy married his secretary Florence Emily Dugdale,who was 39 years his junior.Due to Florences care,Hardy could remain healthy and continue his writing career.v托马斯哈代（18401928）英国诗人、小说家。他是横跨两个世纪的作家，早期和中期的创作以小说为主，继承和发扬了维多利亚时代的文学传统；晚年以其出色的诗歌开拓了英国20世纪的文学。哈代1840年6月2日生于英国西南部的一个小村庄，毗邻多塞特郡大荒原，这里的自然环境日后成了哈代作品的主要背景。他的父亲是石匠，但爱好音乐。父母都重视对哈代的文化教育。1856年哈代离开学校，给一名建筑师当学徒。1862年前往伦敦，任建筑绘图员，并在伦敦大学进修语言，开始文学创作。v哈代的文学生涯开始于诗歌，后因无缘发表，改事小说创作。他的第一部长篇小说计出无奈问世于1871年。成名作是他的第四部小说远离尘嚣（1874）。从此，他放弃建筑职业，致力于小说创作。哈代一生共发表了近20部长篇小说，其中最著名的当推德伯家的苔丝、无名的裘德、还乡和卡斯特桥市长。诗8集，共918首，此外，还有许多以“威塞克斯故事”为总名的中短篇小说，以及长篇史诗剧列王。哈代的作品反映了资本主义侵入英国农村城镇后所引起的社会经济、政治、道德、风俗等方面的深刻变化以及人民（尤其是妇女）的悲惨命运，揭露了资产阶级道德、法律和宗教的虚伪性。他的作品承上启下，既继承了英国批判现实主义的优秀传统，也为20世纪的英国文学开拓了道路。vThe1stperiod:romanticandpastoralMasterpieces:Under the Green Tree Far from the Madding Crowd vThe2ndperiod:thesocialtragedyofWessexMasterpieces:The Return of the Native The Mayor of Casterbridge vThe3rdperiod:thepessimisticfateofthevillagersinWessexMasterpieces:Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891)Jude the Obscure(1896)HisMajorWorksEarly works(描写英国农村的恬静景象和明朗的田园生活)vUndertheGreenwoodTree(1872,the1stnovelofcountrylife)绿荫下vAPairofBlueEyes)一双湛蓝的眼睛(1873)vFarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874,his1stmasterpiece)远离尘嚣The turning point:vTheReturnoftheNative（1878）还乡的出版确立了哈代作为重要作家的地位，也标志着作者开始转向悲剧题材vTheMayorofCasterbridge（1886）卡斯特桥市长展示了一场性格悲剧vShortstories Alicias Diary(1887)A Tragedy Of Two Ambitions(1888)vPoetry Wessex Poems and Other Verses(1898)Satires of Circumstance(1914)vDrama The Dynasts(versedrama)His Major WorksHardy himself divided his novels into three groups:1)Novels of Character&Environment2)Novels of Romances&Fantasies3)Novels of Ingenuity 1.Novels of Character and Environment（性格与环境小说）（性格与环境小说）vThe Poor Man and the Lady(1867,unpublished and lost)穷汉与贵妇人穷汉与贵妇人 vUnder the Greenwood Tree(1872)绿树荫下绿树荫下 vFar from the Madding Crowd(1874)远离尘嚣远离尘嚣vThe Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)卡斯特桥市长卡斯特桥市长 vTess of the dUrbervilles(1891)德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 vJude the Obscure(1895)无名的裘德无名的裘德He explored tragic characters struggling against their passions&social circumstances&set his fictions in the semi-fictional land of Wessex where he grew up.This Class is about peoples pursuit to happiness and awareness of their dreams,reflecting the acute conflicts between people and the environment around them.2.Romances and Fantasies（传奇与幻想小说）（传奇与幻想小说）vA Pair of Blue Eyes(1873)一双蓝眼睛一双蓝眼睛 vTwo on a Tower(1882)塔里的两个人塔里的两个人 vThe Well-Beloved(1897)(first published as a serial from 1892)心爱的人心爱的人 mainly talk about romantic love stories.3.Novels of Ingenuity（机巧和实验小说（机巧和实验小说）vDesperate Remedies(1871)铤而走险铤而走险vThe Hand of Ethelberta(1876)埃塞尔伯塔埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻的婚姻vA Laodicean(1881)冷漠的人冷漠的人Major worksUnder the Greenwood TreeFar from the Madding Crowd(1874)The Return of the Native(1878)Wessex Tales(1888)The Woodlanders(1887)The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)nHardys two novels,Tess of the dUrbervilles(1891)and Jude the Obscure(1895)are his last long fiction works.The last novels challenged the sensibilities of Victorian readers with situations that ruffled many a Victorian feather:immoral sex,murder,illegitimate children,and the unmarried living together.Heated debate and criticism over these two books helped Hardy decide that he would rather write poetry.In fact,so stung was he by the criticism of his works that Hardy did not write another novel.Jude The ObscureHardys Jude The Obscure(1895)aroused even more debate.The story dramatized the conflict between carnal and spiritual life,tracing Jude Fawleys life from his boyhood to his early death.Jude marries Arabella,but deserts her.He falls in love with his cousin,hypersensitive Sue Bridehead,who marries the decaying schoolmaster,Phillotson,in a masochist fit.Jude and Sue obtain divorces,but their life together deteriorates under the pressure of poverty and social disapproval.The eldest son of Jude and Arabella,a grotesque boy nicknamed Father Time,kills their children and himself.Broken by the loss,Sue goes back to Phillotson,and Jude returns to Arabella.Soon thereafter Jude dies,Tess of The DUrbervilles It came into conflict with Victorian morality.It explored the dark side of his family connections in Berkshire.In the story the poor villager girl Tess Durbeyfield is seduced by the wealthy Alec DUberville.She becomes pregnant but the child dies in infancy.Tess finds work as a dairymaid on a farm and falls in love with Angel Clare,a clergymans son.They marry but when Tess tells Angel about her past,he hypocritically desert her.Tess becomes Alecs mistress.Angel returns from Brazil,repenting his harshness,but finds her living with Alec.Tess kills Alec in desperation,she is arrested and hanged.Tess of the DUrbervilles -A Pure Womanvatragiclifeaboutonebeautifulandpuregirlafterdisgrace vTess(1891)cameintoconflictwithVictorianmoralityvoneofthemostinfluentialworksofHardys,agreatclassicofEnglishliteraturevwellreceived,butheavilycriticizedMain charactersTessThe oldest daughter from a poor family with a noble originAlecAngelA young man who hates the old family and likes farming A rich man from a wealthy family who bought the family name dUrbervilles from Tesss family 德伯家的苔丝德伯家的苔丝 德伯家的苔丝讲述的是一个纯洁质朴、聪明美丽的农村姑娘被逼得走头无路，终于杀人的故事。小说一开始，苔丝替她父亲赶马车去城里送货，黑夜里她的马车与邮车相撞，把家里的老马弄死了。苔丝闯了大祸，出于一种赎罪心理，来到杜伯维尔家去做工，以贴补家用。杜伯维尔家少爷阿列克在林中将她奸污。苔丝失贞以后，选择离开阿列克，回到家生下了孩子。孩子病死后，她去一家牛奶场做工，认识了安琪儿克莱尔，并与他相爱。新婚之夜，安琪儿了解到苔丝的失贞，便离她而去，远走巴西，苔丝转到另一个农场做工。父亲死后，房东将她家住的房子收回。为了不让家人流落街头，苔丝被迫又回到阿列克身边。安琪儿后来悔悟，突然回来找她，苔丝心情十分痛苦，用刀子将阿列克杀死。小说结束时，苔丝作为杀人犯被处以绞刑。德伯家的苔丝是哈代最著名的小说，小说的女主人公苔丝则是哈代所塑造的最成功的女性形象。GoodnessandInnocenceLoyaltyandPersistenceEnduranceandResponsibilityRebellionandSacrificeTessTesspurityisreflectedinhertraditionofhardworkandselflesssacrifice.Herpurityisalsoreflectedinherattitudestowardslove.