2023年高考英语复习讲练测第14讲 阅读理解词义猜测题（讲）（全国通用教案）.docx

2023年高考英语复习讲练测第14讲阅读理解词义猜想题（讲）【考纲考情】词义猜想题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些未见过的词，但这类生 词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来，这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅 读材料提供的信息，结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜想, 以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜想词义的词一般是实词及其词组。题型和考查角度：1 .猜想生词或熟词生义。2 .猜想短语的意义。3 .猜想代替词所替代的内容。4 .猜想句意。【考点梳理】词义猜想是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查在短时间内根据上下文快速猜想所指定的某一个生词、词 组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。命题方式：The phrase “” in the sentence could be replaced by "” .The word in the paragraph refer to "” .What is the meaning of the underlined word in the., paragraph?Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase ?The word "” most nearly means "” .The underlined sentence in the. paragraph implies that .解题步骤：1 .定位文中画线处上下文。2 .理解上下文，查找提示点，进行语义概括。正确选项特点：L含义和其字面意思一般没有关系。3 .上下文逻辑通顺。4 .与原句意思最接近0干扰项特点：5 .与所考词汇形似6 .如果考的为熟词，含有常规词义的往往不正确7 .句子解释中含有过多原句中已有的词和短语的选项一般为错误选项。【解题方法】L上下文猜词义猜想任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜想的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。可利 用以下方法：(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜想。有时短文中出现一个需要猜想其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现 其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。(2)根据同位关系进行猜想。阅读中出现的难词有时下文紧跟一个同位语，对上文的词进行解释，这时 可利用同位关系对上文或下文的词义或短语意义进行猜想。(3)根据构词法进行猜想。在英语中，有很多词可以加前缀或后缀构成一个新词，如果掌握了一定的构 词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。(4)根据因果关系进行猜想。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。(5)根据转折或比照关系进行猜想。根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等可知上下句存 在转折关系，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。【例】(2021全国甲卷C 篇)Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆)，I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: "Safe! Safe! Safe! ” And that*s what matteredlanding tricks, being a good skater.9. What do the underlined words "Safe! Safe! Safe! " probably mean?A. Be careful!B. Well done!C. No way!D. Don*t worry!【答案】B【解析】词义猜想题。根据画线词下文“And thafs what mattered一landing tricks, being a good skater.(那 才是真正重要的滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。广可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧， 因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。应选B。2.就近原那么找指代猜想代替词的指代内容,要求判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词一向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、 代词，短语或句子一将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定 最正确选项。【例】(2020新高考 I 卷C 篇)In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.9. What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. Developing a serious mental disease.B. Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.C. Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.D. Writing an article about the Aral Sea.【答案】D【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了 Bissell（比塞尔）写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提 到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了 Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Ce而这本书。由此可知，画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。应选D。3 .意义吻合推句意句意猜想要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。要注意以下两点：（1）返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜想句意的情形，首先要理解句 子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答 案。（2）一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来转换表达而已。 【例】（2019彳折江高考B 篇）Money with no strings attached. Its not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”24. What does the expression “Money with no strings attached in paragraph 1 mean?A. Money spent without hesitation.B. Money not legally made.C. Money offered without conditions.D. Money not tied together.【答案】C【解析】句意猜想题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.（尽你所能，取你所需。广 可知，此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思是“无条件地提供钱"。应选Co【题型剖析】ADuring the COVID-19 pandemic, Julia began her second year as a first grade teacher in an online classroom. One September afternoon, she received a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughter's tools for online learning.Julia immediately knew something was wrong with Cynthia. The two women had spoken many times before, but Julia had never heard she sounded like this. Her words were so jumbled that Julia could barely understand her. Julia called her headmaster, Charlie, who convinced her that he would call and check on Cynthia himself.Just like Julia, Charlie could barely understand Cynthia. He suspected she might be having a stroke （中风）一 he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one. Charlie immediately became concerned that Cynthia's two grandchildren, ages six and eight, were probably home alone with her and scared. Charlie asked his office manager to send an ambulance to the grandmother's home.The quick response from Julia and Charlie saved Cynthia's life. She arrived at the hospital in time to get treatment before long-term damage occurred. Thanks to an extended stay in the hospital, she has regained most of the movement throughout her body except for one hand and a region of her mouth.'Tm proud of the people I work with, that they responded so quickly and that it did make a difference to Cynthia J says Julia. "I am so pleased to be part of such a caring community." But the schooFs crisis response is only one piece of the community's extraordinary efforts to help Cynthia and her granddaughters. Another family with young children took in the two girls.Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country, but it's fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer. Many teachers there gave their personal phone numbers to students and families in case they needed extra help. In this case, the exchange was literally life-altering.1. Cynthia called Julia in order to.A. complain about the poor contents of online learningB consult about her granddaughter's academic performanceC. seek some help for lack of certain technical knowledgeD. volunteer her services as a teacher in an online classroom2. The underlined word "jumbled" in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to.A. briefunclearB. gentleimpolite3. How did Charlie decide that Cynthia might have suffered a stroke?A. By recalling his own previous sufferings from the disease.B. By using his professional knowledge to form the judgment.C. By combining Julia's call with the granddaughters' description.D. By identifying the symptoms that a stroke patient may have.4. What does the author think of virtual leaning?A. It has caused much inconvenience to parents.B. It will bring about unavoidable leak of privacy.C. It has provided more benefits than challenges.D. It needs technical guidance to be highly effective.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了在新冠疫情期间上网课时，Cynthia通过 帮助孙女 询问关于网络技术方面的问题。老师Julia通过Cynthia的声音判断出她有些不对劲，并且及时联系了校长 Charlie,校长判断出她得了中风，并及时送往了医院。1. C【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第段"One September afternoon, she received a call from and Cynthia, who was having technical difficulties with her granddaughters tools for online learning.（九月的个下午，她接至U 了 Cynthia的 ，她孙女的在线学习工具有技术问题。）”可知，Cynthia打 是因缺乏一定的技术知识而 寻求帮助。应选C项。2. B【解析】词义猜想题。通过画线词后面“that Julia could barely understand her （Julia几乎听不懂Cynthia 说的话）”可推知，画线词jumbled意为“不清楚的、不完全明白的L应选B项。3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段“He suspected she might be having a stroke he recognized the signs from when his own father had suffered one.（他怀疑她可能中风了他认出了他父亲遭受痛苦时的病症。）”可知，Charlie通过他父亲中风时的病症比照Cynthia的病症，推测她得了中风。应选D项。4. C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段"Virtual learning has been a challenge across the country, but it*s fair to say that it has helped the community grow closer.（虚拟学习在全国范围内都是一种挑战，但公平的说， 它帮助社区变得更加紧密。）'可推知，作者认为虚拟学习带来的好处多于挑战。应选C项。BWhen we experience earthquakes, medical emergencies whatever the situation, the first thing you probably do is panic. Everybody does. While many of us think that we're cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we're anything but at our best.These normal human reactions can be reversed. For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing - you can learn these techniques in minutes. Once you calm down, you'll identify accurately what the problem is really about. Lack of practice always causes us to judge problems in wrong ways. Doing the thinking ahead of time also helps you fire off the solution when it's show time. This is why you are advised to find the closest exit before the flight. And sometimes we aren't prepared with all the knowledge we need. Let's say we're on a hike and a bear shows up. What shall we do? Better to read suggestions on how to respond before heading into the wild.Performing in a crisis is becoming more important for all of us for two reasons. Back in the good old days, the reliability of most anything we used or did was far less than it is today. Now think about what happens to our preparedness as the probability of something had happening reduces. Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong. Consequently, terrible situations can "come out of nowhere,9. Ironically, the systems that were designed to lessen our workload might require us to remain in a state of increased vigilance （警觉）in order to survive these increasingly infrequent events when they do happen.As technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.5. According to the passage, when an armed robbery （抢劫）happens, most witnesses will first.A. observe the surroundingsB , pretend to be calm C. decide what to do D. focus on the gun6. What does the underlined word "reversed“ in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A. Tested.B. Changed.C. Predicted.D. Understood. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that.A. things are less dependable than they used to be B , cautiousness helps prevent the occurrence of crisis C. convenience reduces our problem-solving capability D. the complexity of present systems ensures our safety 8. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To introduce ways of avoiding crisis situations.B. To point out the connection between stress and risks.C. To raise awareness of the preparation for emergencies.D. To analyse the influence of technology on crisis management.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述的是，虽然很多人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我 们，我们很少能做到。因此，市民对突发事件的防范意识要提高。5. D【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段中“While many of us think that we're cool in a crisis, science tells us that we seldom are. At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us.（虽然彳艮多 人都认为自己在危机中很冷静，但科学告诉我们，我们很少能做到。此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我 们周围的环境，但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气 味浑然不觉。）”可知，根据文章，危机出现时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，可得出当 武装抢劫发生时，大多数目击者会首先关注枪。应选D。6. B【解析】词义猜想题。根据第一段中“At the moment we need to be keenly aware of our surroundings, but our attention goes to the scariest thing on the scene, leaving us unaware of the other sights, sounds, and even smells around us. At the moment, we're anything but at our best.（此时此刻，我们需要敏锐地意识到我们周围的环境， 但我们的注意力却集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，让我们对周围的其他景象、声音甚至气味浑然不觉。目 前，我们还没有到达最正确状态。）“，和第二段中的“For example, firefighters are taught how to bring down their blood pressure and heart rates quickly, box breathing, belly breathing, hum breathing - you can learn these techniques in minutes.Once you calm down, you'll identify accurately what the problem is really about. （例如， 消防员被教导如何快速降低他们的血压和心率，箱式呼吸法，腹部呼吸法，哼哼呼吸法你可以在几分 钟内学会这些技巧。一旦你冷静下来，你就会准确地识别出问题的真正原因。）“可知，上文讲危机出现 时，人们的注意力集中在了现场最可怕的东西上，害怕因而无法冷静，下文讲通过适当方法，人们可以冷 静下来，所以这些正常的人类反响（害怕/无法冷静）是可以逆转的。由此推知，划线词的意思是“改变工 应选BoC【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段中“Unless we practice what hardly ever happens, our ability to respond when it does happen tends to slip away. Reliability can kill you. Also, the systems we use today are more complex. There are seldom moving parts in plain view that allow us to see when things are about to go wrong.（除非我们练 习几乎不发生的事情，否那么当事情发生时，我们的反响能力往往会消失。可靠性会毁了你。此外，我们今 天使用的系统更加复杂。在肉眼可见的情况下，很少有活动部件能让我们看到事情什么时候会出错。）” 可知，从第三段中可以推断出，现代生活给予人们生活可靠性，系统性让人们规避很多错误，世界的便利 性降低了我们解决问题的能力。应选C。7. C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后 一technology becomes part of most everything, and as once-large risks break into countless small ones, crisis situations may become standard affairs. We should all learn to breathe, recognize the situation, and carry out the plan that we are smart enough to prepare well in advance.（随着技术成 为绝大多数事物的一局部，随着曾经的巨大风险演变成无数的小风险，危机局势可能会成为常态。我们都 应该学会呼吸，认识到情况，并执行计划，我们足够聪明地提前做好准备。）”可知，危机局势可能会成 为常态，人们应该要做好准备应对它，这篇文章的目的是为了提高市民对突发事件的防范意识。应选C。CNothing succeeds like success, as every parent of a straight-A student knows, but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child, "You're so smart!” may be counterproductive. Why? According to a 2017 study, children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay attention to and bounce back （重新振作）from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.In the study, researchers looked at 123 children. The team assessed the children to determine whether they had a "growth mindsefXbelieving that you can work harder to get smarter）, or a "fixed mindset" （believing that your intelligence is unable to change）. They then asked the children to complete a fast-paced computer accuracy task while their brain activity was recorded. During the recording, researchers noted that brain activity stopped within a half-second after making a mistake, as children became aware of their mistake and paid closer attention to what went wrong. The larger the brain response was, the more the child focused on the mistake. Based