2019年高考英语 专题四 第二节 一.docx

第二节第二节 分类突破分类突破一、原文词汇类一、原文词汇类(2017·江苏)Population ChangeWhy is the worlds population growing？The answer is not what you might think.The reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the worlds population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the worlds people now live in such nations)，but youd be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors such as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current trends dont bend，Russias population will be about the size of Yemens by the year 2050.In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total,25% of Indias working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the countrys potential work force could be totally uneducated.One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010-2030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result its likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term.考场思维模式第一步：读表格，知文章大意通过略读树状图，可知本文话题是“人口下降” ，并且分析了几个国家存在的人口问题。第二步：定位，定词，定性，定形任务型阅读树状图高度概括了原文信息，为了节约时间并且提高解题的针对性，先读图中的内容，然后在原文中进行定位，定位后进行定词，定词后定性(如名词、动词、形容词、副词)，最后定形(如单复数、非谓语形式、大小写等)。1原文词汇类74答案 economic解析 文章第三、四、五段分别分析了中国、俄罗斯、印度存在的人口问题以及对本国经济发展的影响，结合第三、五段中出现的 economic development 以及第四段中出现的 economic promise 可判断填 economic。79答案 immigration解析 最后一段介绍了美国解决人口问题的办法，即通过移民入境增加外国劳动力。根据“One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.”可判断填 immigration。2转换词汇类73答案 immediate解析 根据第二段中的“.which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.”可知，发展中国家出生率的下降可能会导致几十年后灾难性的劳动力短缺，由 within a few decades 可知出生率下降带来的影响可能不会立即显现出来，故填immediate。75答案 old/older解析 根据第三段第一句“A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.”可知，中国很有可能出现年轻劳动力减少的问题，也就是说中国的劳动力群体正在变老，此处既可以用 old 的原级，也可以用其比较级。76答案 earlier解析 根据第四段中的“.people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.”可知，当前俄罗斯人的寿命比 1961 年时要短，live a shorter life 可以同义替换为 earlier death(早逝)。3概括词汇类71答案 lower解析 根据第一段最后一句“.declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.”可知，出生率的下降是 21 世纪的特征，也就是说，21 世纪的出生率可能会比 20 世纪的更低，故填 lower。72答案 size/scale解析 根据第二段中的“.almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.”可知，大部分发达国家正经历着人口负增长，也就是说发达国家难以保持人口的规模，“人口的规模”用 the size/scale of population 表达。77答案 living/life解析 根据第四段中的“.but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.”可知，糟糕的饮食习惯尤其是长期酗酒与俄罗斯人寿命变短有很大的关系，所以需要改变人们的生活方式， “生活方式”可以用 way of living/life 表达。78答案 equality解析 根据第五段中的“In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.”可知，在教育水平落后的农村地区出生率最高，而在教育水平发达的城市地区出生率最低。由此可以推断，暂时不考虑出生率问题，如果印度能够实现教育机会均等的话，它的经济可能会腾飞，故填 equality。80答案 compensate解析 根据最后一段可知，移民入境将会弥补美国年轻劳动力不足的问题， “弥补”可用compensate for 表示。第三步：复查并且将答案填在答题卡上复查完确认不需要修改之后，将试卷上所写答案填在答题卡指定区域，注意要认真书写，不能潦草。信息捕捉题就是常见的原文词汇题，这是属于对学生英语中低层水平能力的考查。一般占50%左右，原文词汇题是基础题目，考查学生从文章中捕捉信息的能力。一般可以直接通过表格和原文进行对照，边读文章边可以找出与试题相关的信息，获取到相关单词，有时候试题和原文句型的句式不同，需进行简单的逻辑推理然后找到相应的单词，不需变化，直接填入。解题关键是信息的定位和筛选。(2018·盐城三模)Artificial intelligence(AI) is rushing into business.Firms of all types are using AI to forecast demand，hire workers and deal with customers.The McKinsey Global Institute，a think-tank within a consultancy，forecasts that just applying AI to marketing，sales and supply chains could create economic value of 2.7 trn over the next 20 years.Such grand forecasts fuel anxiety as well as hope.Less familiar，but just as important，is how AI will transform the workplace.Start with the benefits.AI ought to improve productivity.Humanyze，a people analytics software provider，combines data from its badges(工牌) with employees calendars and e-mails to work out，say，whether office layouts favour teamwork.Slack，a workplace messaging app，helps managers assess how quickly employees accomplish tasks.Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving.Employees will gain，too.Thanks to advances in computer vision，AI can check that workers are wearing safety equipment and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor.Some will appreciate more feedback on their work and welcome a sense of how to do better.Machines can help ensure that pay rises and promotions go to those who deserve them.That starts with hiring.People often have biases but algorithms(算法)，if designed correctly，can be more unprejudiced.Software can flag patterns that people might miss.Yet AIs benefits will come with many potential drawbacks.Algorithms may not be free of the biases of their programmers，which can have unintended consequences.The length of a travel may predict whether an employee will quit a job，but this focus may harm poorer applicants.Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones and could risk losing their positions if all AI looks for is productivity.And surveillance(监控) may feel Orwelliana sensitive matter now that people have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives.As regulators and employers weigh the pros and cons of AI in the workplace，three principles ought to guide its spread.First，data should be anonymised where possible.Microsoft，for example，has a product that shows individuals how they manage their time in the office，but gives managers information only in aggregated(整合) form.Second，the use of AI ought to be transparent.Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their workplaces and which data are being gathered.As a matter of routine，algorithms used by firms to hire，fire and promote should be tested for bias and unintended consequences.Last，countries should let individuals request their own data，whether they are ex-workers wishing to contest a dismissal or jobseekers hoping to demonstrate their ability to prospective employers.The march of AI into the workplace calls for trade-offs between privacy and performance.A fairer，more productive workforce is a prize worth having，but not if it chains employees.Striking a balance will require thought，a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt，and a strong dose of humanity.AI SpyPassage outlineSupporting detailsIntroductionWhile its future in business is full of 71. ，AI affects the workplace negatively.Advantages of AIAI makes business more productive by analyzing the office layout，assessing the employees working efficiency and 72. their behavior.AI can 73. employees safety and provide feedback for them to better themselves.AI helps businesses hire more suitable employees and develop a better 74. of promotion and pay rise.Potential drawbacks of AIUndesirable results may arise due to the biases of the programmers.Poorer applicants and older staff are at a 75. .Employees privacy is 76. in the age of AI.Principles 77. AIs spreadKeep the data anonymous when they are gathered and used.78. employees of technologies used in the workplace and test the algorithms to avoid undesirable results.79. employees to access data for their own sake.SummaryOnly when employees and employers are 80. to adapt and respect each other，can AI make workplace fairer and more productive.语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。首先对人工智能的优、缺点进行了介绍，然后介绍了指导这项技术普及的三个原则，并在最后进行了总结。71答案 promise/hope解析 原文词汇题。根据第二段第一句“Such grand forecasts fuel anxiety as well as hope.”中的 hope 的提示， AI 的前景很好，但是对于工厂有不良的影响。故填 promise/hope。72答案 monitoring解析 转换词汇题。根据第三段最后一句“Companies will see when workers are not just dozing off but also misbehaving.”可知，公司会监视员工是否打瞌睡或者行为不当，故填monitoring。73答案 guarantee/ensure解析 转换词汇题。根据第四段第二句中的“AI can check that workers are wearing safety equipment and that no one has been harmed on the factory floor”可知 ，AI 可以保障工人的安全，确认他们穿着安全设备，不会受伤。故填 guarantee 或 ensure。74答案 system解析 概括词汇题。根据第五段最后两句“People often have biases but algorithms(算法)，if designed correctly，can be more unprejudiced.Software can flag patterns that people might miss.”讲到了人们可能会因为存在偏见而不公正，但软件可以解决这个问题，也就是有一个更好的升职加薪系统。故填 system。75答案 disadvantage解析 转换词汇题。根据第六段第四句“Older staff might work more slowly than younger ones .”可知，年长员工效率可能比年轻员工低，容易被淘汰，处于弱势。故填 disadvantage。76答案 violated/disturbed解析 转换词汇题。根据第六段末句中的“now that people have begun to question how much Facebook and other tech giants know about their private lives”可知，人们开始质疑脸书还有其他科技巨头对他们的私人生活有多么了解，也就是说人们的隐私被侵犯、打扰。故填violated/disturbed。77答案 guiding解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第一句中的“three principles ought to guide its spread”可知应用 guide 的相关形式。此处作定语，故填 guiding。78答案 Inform解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段第五句“Employees should be told what technologies are being used in their workplaces and which data are being gathered.”可知，员工需要被告知信息。这里考查固定搭配 inform sb.of sth，故填 Inform。79答案 Permit/Allow解析 转换词汇题。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Last，countries should let individuals request their own data.”可知，应允许员工为了个人需求访问这些数据。固定搭配 allow/permit sb.to do sth，故填 Permit/Allow。80答案 willing解析 转换词汇题。根据最后一段最后一句“.a willingness for both employers and employees to adapt.”可知，管理者和员工愿意互相接受和尊重。固定搭配 be willing to do sth，故填 willing。