初中英语语法大全.ppt

Revision of Junior English 初三英语复习,Adjectives and Adverbs形容词、副词,区别几组易混淆的副词、形容词 already 常用于肯定句、个别疑问句 yet 常用于否定句、疑问句 * The train has already gone. * They havent come back yet. such 修饰名词 so 修饰形容词、副词 *I have never seen such an interesting film. *This box is so heavy that I cant carry it., alone(单独、独自)作表语=by oneself lonely(孤独的)可作表语、定语 * He lived alone, but he didnt feel lonely. * Its a lonely village. hard(努力地) hardly(几乎不)否定副词 * She works very hard, and he hardly has a rest on Sundays.,The Comparative & Superlative Degrees of Adjectives & Adverbs,形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成,规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词 1) 一般情况加 er 或 est fast faster fastest high higher highest clever cleverer cleverest,规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词 2) 以字母 e 结尾加 r 或 st fine finer finest late later latest nice nicer nicest,规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词 3) 重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写加 er 或 est fat fatter fattest big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest,规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词 4) 以辅音字母加 y 结尾变 y 为 i 加 er 或 est early earlier earliest easy easier easiest lucky luckier luckiest,规则变化部分双音节和多音节词 在词前加 more 或 most slowly - more slowly - most slowly easily - more easily - most easily carefully - more carefully - most carefully,不规则变化 good/well better best many/much more most little less least far farther farthest ( far further furthest ) bad/badly/ill worse worst,形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法,1)表示两者（人或事物）的比较时用比较级，通常用连词 than 引导，表示“较······”或“更······一些”的意思 *This cake is more delicious than that one. *Li Lei jumped farther than Jim (did).,2) 表示三者或三者以上（人或事物）的比较用最高级，最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the，后面可带of（in,among）短语来说明比较的范围 *Shanghai is the biggest city in China. *Lucy sings (the) best of all. *He is the most careful among us.,3) 在表示 “和······一样······” 和 “不及······” 这类概念时，可以用 “as+原级+as” 和 “not as（so）+原级+as”的句型 *Our teacher is as busy as before. *He does not run so (as) fast as I.,4) 可用much, still, a little, even, far,three years等表示程度的状语来修饰比较级 *She is much taller than Mrs.Liu. *He is three years older than I. *This problem is a little more difficult than the other one.,5)几种比较级的使用句型 1.“ 比较级 + and + 比较级 ” 表示“ 越来越······ ” *Your English is getting better and better. 你的英语越来越好了。 *These days more and more people are learning English. 现在学英语的人越来越多了。,2. “the + 比较级，the + 比较级” 表示“ 越······就越······ ” *The more, the better. 越多越好。 *The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。,3.“ more (less) than ”表示 “不止，不到” *She is more than thirty. 她三十多岁了。 *The lightest weighs less than 50 kilograms. 最轻的不到五十公斤。,4.“more or less”表示“差不多，或多或少” *The problem is more or less solved. 这个问题差不多已经解决了。 *Is it straight? More or less. 它直吗？ 差不多吧。,6)注意点 形容词最高级前一定要用the，副词最高级前可省略在比较级中为了避免重复，在the后常用one，that，those等词来替代前面提到过的名词 *This pen is shorter than that one. *The weather here is warmer than that of Shanghai.,3.用or连接两项需作比较的内容时，须用比较级；若or连接三项或三项以上的内容时，则须用最高级 *Who is taller, Mary or Jane? *Which is biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?,7)掌握几种同义句转换 1. He is taller than any other student in his class. = He is taller than the other students in his class. = He is taller than any of the other students in his class. = He is the tallest (student)in his class.,3. I prefer maths to English. =I like maths better than English. 4. The box is too heavy for him to carry. = The box is so heavy that he cant carry it. = The box is not light enough for him to carry.,Exercises,选择( )1 Who gets home usually _ in your family? A. the latest B. later C. early D. as late( )2 The more we looked at the picture, _. A. we like it less B. the less we liked it C. better we liked it D. it looked better( )3 What a pity. Lucy ran _ than Lily. A. a few more slowly B. a little more slowly C. much more slowly D. little slowlier,A,B,B,( )4 Dont worry. Your baby is looked after _ here, the nurse are very _. A. careful, carefully B. carefully, careful C. care, careless D. careless, care( )5 The idea became _ . He wanted to try _. A. strangly, it out B. strangly, out it C. strange, it out D. strange, out it( )6 Beijing is _ biggest cities in China. A. the first B. one of C. the second D. second,B,C,C,用词的适当形式填空1 He works very _. He _ has a rest on Sunday. (hard)2 _, he didnt fail in the exam.(luck)3 He was so _ that he couldnt believe this _ news. (surprise)4 He wont do it. I wont do it, _. (too),hard,hardly,Luckily,surprised,surprising,either,5 Mr. Green is feeling _ enough to go to work. (good)6 The old man looks very _ than you think. (friend) 7 This box is not so _ as that one. (heavy)8 Lucy jumped _ of the four. (high),well,more friendly,heavy,highest,Pronouns代 词,代词的分类 人称代词 Personal Pronouns 物主代词 Possessive Pronouns 反身代词 Self Pronouns 不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns 指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns,人称代词 Personal Pronouns 数 单数 复数人称 一 二 三 一 二 三主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us your them,1.人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格 * They all like him very much. 他们都很喜欢他。 * She gave the books to you and me. 这些书是她送给你和我的。,2.人称代词在作表语时，用宾格 * Whos knocking at the door? Its me. 谁敲门？-是我。 3. 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为 “第二人称，第三人称，第一人称” * You, she and I all enjoy the music. 你我她都喜欢音乐。,4.she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等 * We love our motherland, we hope shell be stronger and bigger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她更强大。 * The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。这是她第一次去波士顿。,5.it作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等 * What the weather like today? Its windy. 今天的天气怎么样？- 有风。 * Its about five minutes walk from home to school. 从家到学校的路程大约5分钟。,6.it可作为形式主语，将不定式、动名词等构成的主语后移，使句子显得平稳 * Its hard to reach the apples. 很难够到苹果。 * Its good for you taking a walk after supper. 对你来说饭后散步是有好处的。,物主代词 Possessive Pronouns 形容词性 名词性 my mine your yours his his her hers its its our ours your yours their theirs,1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语 * My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。 * His parents are very friendly. 他的父母非常友善。,3.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系： 形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词 注意：名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系是单数还是复数。 * These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (our books = ours) * This is not our room. Ours is over there. (our room = ours),4.“of +名词性物主代词”表示所属 * A sister of his is a nurse. 他的一个妹妹是个护士。 * Tom is a friend of mine 我的一个朋友,反身代词 Self Pronouns单数 myself yourself himself herself itself复数 ourselves yourselves themselves,1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语和同位语 * He thinks more of others than of himself. 他想到别人比想到自己更多一些。 * That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 * He himself was a doctor. 他本人就是一个大夫。 * I myself can work the problem out. 我能亲自算出这道题,2.反身代词有以下常见搭配 enjoy oneself = have a good time by oneself = alone help oneself to learn sth. by oneself  =teach oneself sth. 注意：oneself 有单复数之分 * I enjoy myself. * Children, help yourselves to some fish.,不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns 不是指明代替特定名词（或形容词）的代词 all, each, every, both, either, neither none, one, little, few, many, much other, another, some, any, no 由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词,几组在用法上容易混淆的不定代词 1.some/any some（一些,某）一般用于肯定句中 * There are some flowers in front of the house. any（一些,任何）多用于疑问句和否定句 * Do you have any picture-books?,注意：some有时也可用于表示请求、征求意见的疑问句中 * Would you like some meat? 你想要些肉吗？ * May I ask some questions? 我可以问问题吗？ * Could I have some apples? 我可以吃苹果吗？ * Will you give me some water? 你能给我些水吗？,2. many/much many 修饰或指代复数名词 *There are many eggs in the basket. * Many of us like playing games. much 修饰或指代不可数名词 * He doesnt know much English.,3.another/other another 泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个 * I dont want this coat. Please show me another. other 后面接名词，泛指别的、其他的 * Do you have any other questions?,4. the other/others/the others the other 1. 特指两个中的另一个 * He has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a doctor. 2. 修饰名词，特指另一个、另一些 * Tom likes swimming, and the other boys in his class like swimming, too.,others泛指其他的人或物 * He often helps others. * Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.the others 特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物 * There are fifty students in our class. Twenty of them are girls, the others are boys.,5.few/a few/little/a little few/a few 修饰可数名词 little/a little 修饰不可数名词 few, little 表示否定意义, 译为“没有几个”，“没有多少” a few, a little 表示肯定意义, 译为“有几个”，“有一点”,* There are few people living here. 这里几乎没人住。 * There are a few students in the classroom. 教室里有一些学生。 * I know little English. 我不懂英语。 * There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有些牛奶。, few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a * There are quite a few new books in the library. 图书馆里颇有些新书。,6.every/each every单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调共性、整体,只作定语,形式上为单数.不与of 连用 *Every child likes playing games. each 表示“每一个”,强调个性,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of 连用 *Each student was asked to try again. *Each of them has a nice skirt.,7.all/none all “(全部)都”,表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时,一般放在连系动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前 * We are all from Canada. They all like English. none “没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of（谓语动词单、复数均可） * None of us is/are afraid of dogs.,8.both/either/neither both “（两者）都”,作主语时看作复数；作定语时后跟名词复数 * My parents are both teachers. =Both of my parents are teachers. neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 * Neither answer is right., either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 * There are trees on either side of the street. = There are trees on both sides of the street.,有关词组及应用 A.both of/either of/neither of * Both of them swim well. 他们俩都游得很好。 * Either of you goes to Beijing. 你们俩随便谁去北京都可以。 * Neither of them stopped to have a rest. 他们俩谁都不停下来休息。,B.bothand（谓语动词用复数形式） eitheror/neithernor(谓语动词遵循就近原则) * Both Tom and Lucy are in Grade Two. Tom 和 Lucy 都在二年级。 * Either my father or my mother cooks at home. 或者我爸爸或者我妈妈在家烧饭。 * Neither he nor I am free today. 我和他今天都没空。,9.Something/anything/nothing Somebody/anybody/nobody当形容词修饰这些不定代词时，常后置 * I have something important to tell you. * Is there anything else in the box? * Nobody can answer the question.,指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 表示空间和时间远近关系的代词 包括:this/that (单数) these/those (复数) 1. this,these指在方位上较近的人或物 that,those指在方位上较远的人或物 *This is my shirt, thats yours. *These TVs are made in China, those are made in Japan.,2.that,those常指前面提过的东西,以免重复 *These boxes are heavier than those on the desk. 3.刚才提到的事情，在英文中用that *He was ill yesterday. Im sorry to hear that.,疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns 用来构成特殊疑问句的代词 常见有：who whom whose what which 通常做主语宾语定语表语 * What makes you think like that ? 做主语 * Who(Whom) were you talking with? 做宾语,* Which bus do I need? 做定语 * Whats your father? 做表语注意：在口语中，Who和Whom通用， 但在介词后只能用Whom *With whom did he play games? With who did he play games?(错),2. This film is less interesting than that one =This film isn't as interesting as that one =That film is more interesting than this one.,改错1 Dont worry. There is little time left.2 His book is quite different from me.3 She has two cats. One is white, another is black.,Dont worry. There is a little time left.,His book is quite different from mine,She has two cats. One is white, the other is black.,4 I have interesting something to tell you.5 Please give me it. 6 Every of us wants to have a look at your photo.,I have something interesting to tell you.,Please give it to me,Each of us wants to have a look at your photo.,7 He sits in front of Jim and I.8 I like to receive letters but I do not like write it.9 He doesnt know what one to buy.,He sits in front of Jim and me.,I like to receive letters but I do not like write them.,He doesnt know which one to buy.,( )1 Is this your football, boys? No, it is not _ A. yours B. our C. mine D. ours( )2 The bird builds _ nest in the tree. A. her B. its C. its D. hers( )3 The maths problem _ is wrong. A. himself B. he C. itself D. herself,D,B,C,( )4 _ want to see the film. A Every student B Each student C All of students D All the students( )5 A lot of people have tried, but _ have succeeded. A. the few B. a few C. few D. little( ) 6 _ of the four roads will take you to the hospital. A. Both B. Neither C. Any D. Either,D,C,C,( )7 I have five pencils, one is red, _ is blue and _ are green. A. another, the other B. the other, others C. others, the others D. another, the others( ) 8 I have found _ on the Internet. A. a few informations B. a little informations C. a few information D. a little information,D,D,( ) 9 I have Chemistry classes _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. A. each other B. every other C. this and other D. all other( )10 - _ is the man under the tree? - Jims father. A. When B. What C. Where D. Who,B,D,