语法与词汇学习.pptx

I.考试大纲要求根据最新的高校英语专业四级考试大纲，语法词汇为专业四级考试第四部分，答题在Answer Sheet 2上，测试要求为：“掌握并能正确运用高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲规定的一至四级语法内容；掌握高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲规定的基础阶段认知词汇（5500-6000），并且能正确、熟练的运用其中的3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配”。考试时间为15分钟，共30道选择题，每题分，选择最佳答案。第1页/共83页II.攻略命题规则命题规则2005年至年至2012年英语专业四级考试年英语专业四级考试语法题分语法题分析析 语法考题主要围绕一下方面展开：虚拟语气、语法考题主要围绕一下方面展开：虚拟语气、情态动词、从句、非谓语动词、句子成分、倒情态动词、从句、非谓语动词、句子成分、倒装、动词时态、特殊句型等。装、动词时态、特殊句型等。2011年起考题年起考题中对于语法术语的考察力度明显加大，因此考中对于语法术语的考察力度明显加大，因此考生备考时，除了要做专项语法题练习外，还要生备考时，除了要做专项语法题练习外，还要注意补充语法基础知识，对于常考的语法术语注意补充语法基础知识，对于常考的语法术语也要有所掌握。也要有所掌握。第2页/共83页2.2005年至2012年英语专业四级考试词汇题分析 词汇考题主要考查：近义词辨析、相似易混词辨析、词语固定搭配、语义认知或语义识别（即逻辑关系题）。因此考生备考时，需要掌握核心词汇的多种意义和用法，对其它词语了解其大意或通过词根词缀知识做到能猜测其大意。此外，2011年起考题中新增了对句子题干划线习语的理解，从另一角度考查了学生对习语以及选项词义的掌握。II.攻略第3页/共83页II.攻略B.应试技巧（仅供参考）由易到难。遇到比较难的题目，建议暂时放一边，保持头脑清醒的继续做下面的试题。平均用力。无论题目有多难或多易，都应该花相同的时间。当机立断。尤其对特复杂的题目来说不易花太多时间，应该相信第一感觉，当机立断。敢于冒险。对于完全没有把握的题目，如果是语法题，敢于选你认为最不可能的答案，因为很有可能该题考查的就是某个语法规则的例外情况，而你刚好不知道这个例外；对于词汇题，如果你认识的选项与题目不符合的话，要敢于选择彻底不认识的选项。第4页/共83页II.攻略*对于语法题，应更多关注题干的整体结构，而不是将时间浪费在理解整句话的意思上，这将极大提高做题速度和准确率。*对于词汇题中的近义词辨析、相似词辨析以及词义识别，应关注题干的整体语义，根据上下文选择合适的选项。第5页/共83页III.语法动词时态要求：熟练掌握12种时态分别的形式、意义、标志词*一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、一般过去将来；*现在进行、过去进行、将来进行；*现在完成、过去完成、将来完成；*现在完成进行、过去完成进行。（其他四种了解就好：将来完成进行、过去将来进行、过去将来完成、过去将来完成进行）第6页/共83页The committee has anticipated the problem that in the road construction project.(2007)arise B.will arise C.arose D.have arisen2.The student said there were a few points in the essay he impossible to comprehend.(2007)had found B.finds C.has found D.would find(1.B 2.A)第7页/共83页Practice:In his plays Shakespeare his characters live through their language.(2008)would make B.had made C.made D.makes2.Linda was the experiment a month ago,but she changed her mind at the last minute.(2007)to start B.to have started C.to be starting D.to have been starting3.Its high time we cutting down the rainforests.(2006)stopped B.had to stop C.shall stop D.stop4.That was not the first time he us.I think its high time we strong actions against him.(2005)A.betrayedtake B.had betrayedtook C.has betrayedtook D.has betrayedtake 第8页/共83页5.James has just arrived,but I didnt know he until yesterday.(2005)come coming been coming 6.conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen.I was and always will be B.I have to be and always will be C.I had been and always will be D.I have been and always will be7.Mr.Wells,together with all the members of his family,for Europe this afternoon.(2004)are to leave B.are leaving C.is leaving D.leave8.Jack from home for two days now,and I am beginning to worry about his safety.(2003)A.has been missing B.has been missed C.had been missing D.was missed第9页/共83页9.For some time now,world leaders out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(2002)had been pointing B.have been pointingC.were pointing D.pointed(1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.B)第10页/共83页B.情态动词考查：基本用法；表示推测；情态动词+have done;以及情态动词的一些特殊句型结构。基本用法can;could;may;might;must;have to;dare;need;shall;should;will;would;used to;had better;would rather（略）表示推测1).在肯定句、否定句和疑问句中表示推测。肯定句中一般用must(一定)，may(可能)，might/could(也许、或许)。其语气按程度都是依次递减的;might,could并非may,can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。E.G:It is cold in the room.They must have turned off the heating I dont know where she is.She may/might/could be in Shanghai.第11页/共83页b.否定句中用cant/couldnt(不可能)，may not/mightnot(可能不)，前者预期强烈表示彻底不可能，后者表示很有可能不。E.G:It cant/couldnt be Lily.She has gone to Urumqi.He may not/might not know the scientist.c.疑问句中用can/could(可能吗)。E.G:Could he have finished the task?Can he be at home now?第12页/共83页2).表示对过去、现在、将来的推测。对将来的推测，用情态动词+动词原形。E.G:She must/may/might/could see no one there.b.对现在或一般情况的推测，用情态动词+动词原形；对正在发生动作的猜测，用情态动词+be doing。E.G:At this moment,out teacher must/may/might/could be correcting our exam papers.He must/may/might/could be listening to the radio now.3).对过去情况的猜测，用情态动词+have+动词过去分词。E.G:Mike cant have found his car key,for he came to work by bus this morning.The road is wet.It must/may/might/could have rained last night.第13页/共83页3.情态动词+have done 除了must/may/might/could have done,还有：1).ought to/should+have done表示过去本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做。否定形式表示过去不该做某事但事实上做了。E.G:You ought to/should have been more careful in this experiment.He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.2).neednt+have done表示过去不必做某事但事实上做了。E.G:I dressed very warmly for the trip,but I neednt have done so.The weather was hot.3).would like to+have done表示过去本打算做某事但没做。E.G:I would like to have read the article,but I was very busy then.第14页/共83页4.情态动词的一些特殊句型结构1).may/might(just)as well do sth 表示不妨，最好与had better do sth相近;may/might well do sth表示很可能,与be likely to do sth相近。E.G:You may as well know that he is an extremely selfish man.He may well visit you any time.2).canttoo/cantover表示越越好，怎么也不过分。E.G:You cannot be too careful when driving.This problem cannot be over emphasized.3).should除了“应该”这个意思外，还有“竟然”的意思。E.G:The mystery is that this should come as a surprise to anyone.第15页/共83页Practice:Nancys gone to work but her cars still there.She by bus.(2010)A.must have gone B.should have goneC.ought to have gone D.could have gone2.Arent you tired?I you had done enough for today.(2009)should have thought B.must have thoughtC.might have thought D.could have thought3.She fifty or so when I first met her at the conference.(2009)must be B.had been C.could be D.must have been 4.“You borrow my notes provided you take care of them,”I told my friend.(2007)A.could B.should C.must D.can第16页/共83页5.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone an opportunity to hear the speech.(2006)ought to have B.must have C.may have D.should have6.You Jim anything about it.It was none of his business.(2001)neednt have told B.neednt tellC.mustnt have told D.mustnt tell7.He unwisely,but he was at least trying to do something helpful.(1999)may have acted B.must have actedC.should act D.would act 第17页/共83页8.Much as ,I couldnt lend him the money because I simply didnt have that much spare cash.(1999)I would have liked to B.I would like to haveC.I should have to like D.I should have liked to9.As it turned out to be a small house party,we so formally.(1996)need not have dressed up B.must not have dressed upC.did not need to dress up D.must not dress up10.He the 8:20 bus because he didnt leave home till 8:25.(1994)couldnt have caught B.ought to have caughtC.shouldnt have caught D.must not have caught 9.A 10.A)第18页/共83页C.非谓语动词、独立主格结构不定式1).基本形式：to do,(to)do,to be doing,to have done,to have been doing,to be done,to have been done,not to do.2).不定式的逻辑主语。一般由for引导，但表示人的性格行为特征的形容词作表语时，由of引导，如：absurd,bold,courageous,careful,clever,wise,foolish,silly,good,nice,kind,thoughtful,greedy,generous,honest,polite,cruel,selfish,lazy,rudeE.G:It was very brave of you to save the girl.(=You were brave to save the girl.)It is easy/important for you to do that.(=To do that is easy/important for you.)第19页/共83页3).不定式作某些动词的宾语，如：afford,venture,attempt,claim,desire,determine,expect,fail,guarantee,intend,pretend,request,swear,tendE.G:Maybe we can arrange to go some other time.4).不定式在一些结构中作主语补足语，如：be said/reportedthought/believed/known/supposed+to do sth.E.G:This strategy is reported to have been effective.5).不定式作状语目的状语(=in order to do/so as to do)*so as to do 不能放在句首b.程度状语,如：so+adj./adv.+as to do,such+n.+as to,enoughto do,tooto do。E.G:He was so weak as to be unable to lift the heavy box.He was not strong enough to lift the heavy box.He was too weak to lift the heavy box.第20页/共83页c.结果状语(只能出现在句子末尾，表不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气)E.G:Many reporters hurried to the airport,only to be told that the superstar had already left.6).不定式作后置定语时，如果动词是vi，其后必须有相应的介词与前面所修饰的名词相呼应。E.G:He is looking for a room to live in.Smith is a good man to work with.7).特殊结构，如：not/never tooto,toonot to,but/only tooto，都表示肯定意义。E.G:I am only too pleased to hear from you again.第21页/共83页2.动名词1).基本形式：doing,having done,being done,having been done,not doingE.G:I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.2).动名词的逻辑主语：当整个动名词短语在句中作宾语时，可以用宾格或所有格；如果整个动名词短语在句中作主语时，必须用所有格。E.G:They insisted on my/me finishing the report today.My finishing the report today was insisted on.3).动名词作某些动词的宾语，如：acknowledge,advocate,anticipate,appreciate,avoid,admit,confess,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,favor,finish,forgive,imagine,justify,pardon,practice,postpone,recall,risk,resist,suggest第22页/共83页4).介词或介词短语后接动名词作宾语。E.G:You must realize that I object to being kept waiting.5).习惯用法be busy/active doing sth Its no good/use doing sthspend/waste time doing sth cannot help doing sthhave difficulty/trouble/problem(in)doing sthhave a good/great/wonderful time doing sthThere is no point/sense/harm/use doing sthThere is no doing sth(*注意比较：a.有一些动词后可跟to do/doing,但意义完 全不同；b.有一些动词后可跟to do/doing,意义相同 或相近，只有细微差别。)第23页/共83页3.分词(现在分词、过去分词有动词和形容词特征)1).差别：现分表示主动和进行，过分表示被动和完成 (分词有自己的状语、宾语、逻辑主语)2).分词作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随。其逻辑主语与句中主语相一致。若现在分词所表示的动作与句子的谓语动作同时发生，用doing；若现在分词所表示的动作发生在句子的谓语动作之前时，用having done。E.G:The students went out of the classroom,laughing and talking.Having finished the work,they went out for a drink.Given more attention,the trees will grow better.Looked at in his way,the situation doesnt seem so desperate.(2007)第24页/共83页3).当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略从句的主语，并将从句谓语部分改为分词形式，主动用现分，被动用过分。有时也会出现“连词+分词”。E.G:Although working very hard,he failed the exam.If translated word by word,the passage will be difficult to understand.4).分词作定语时，单个分词通常放在所修饰名词之前，分词短语放在所修饰中心词之后(现分与前面的名词有主谓关系，过分与前面的名词有动宾关系)。E.G:This is an exhausting day.We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.5).感官动词+sb+do/doing/done 使役动词+sb+do/doing/done E.G:When I looked out,I saw her crossing the road.My father made five men working for him.第25页/共83页6).分词作表语可以当为adj.。现分表示主语的性质，且主语多是物。过分表示主语的感受或状态，主语多是人。E.G:That book was rather boring.He was very amused.7).否定形式：not放在分词标志词之前。E.G:Not having received any letter from him,I gave him a call.8).作插入语E.G:generally speaking;strictly speaking;judging from;all things considered;taking all things into consideration(*注意比较Gerund和Present Participle作前置定语的区别)第26页/共83页4.独立主格结构1).由两部分组成：前一部分为名词或代词，后一部分为非谓语动词、形容词、副词或介词短语。前后为逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构本身不是句子，只在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的E.G:The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.Weather permitting,we are going to visit you tomorrow.He came into the room,his ears red with cold.He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.第27页/共83页2).注意with复合结构作独立主格及其省略形式。E.G:A robber burst into the room,with a knife in his hand.=A robber burst into the room,knife in his hand.3).注意特殊的独立主格结构，如：there being/it being.E.G:There being no further business,I declared the meeting closed.(=Since there was no,I declared)It being Christmas,the government offices were closed.(=Because it was,the government)第28页/共83页Practice:In phrases like freezing cold,burning hot,or soaking wet,the ING participle is used .(2011)as a command B.as a condition C.for concession D.for emphasis2.should not become a serious disadvantage in life and work.(2010)To be not tall B.Not being tallC.Being not tall D.Not to be tall3.What a nice day!How about the three of us a walk in the park nearby?(2009)to take B.take C.taking D.to be taking 4.It is not uncommon for there problems of communication between the old and the young.A.being B.would be C.be D.to be (2007)第29页/共83页5.The meeting was put off because we a meeting without John.(2005)objected having B.were objected to havingC.objected to have D.objected to having6.If not with the respect he feels due to him,Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbled all the time.(2004)being treated B.treated C.be treated D.having been treated7.The Minister of Finance is believed of imposing new taxes to raise extra revenue.(2004)that he is thinking B.to be thinkingC.that he is to think D.to think 第30页/共83页8.Agriculture is the countrys chief source ofwealth,wheat by far the biggest cereal crop.(2003)is B.been C.be D.being9.The opening ceremony is a great occasion.It is essential for that.(2003)for us to be prepared B.that we are preparedC.of us to be prepared D.our being prepared10.Time ,the celebration will be held as scheduled.(2003)permit B.permitting C.permitted D.permits A.9.A 10.B)第31页/共83页D.虚拟语气1.be型虚拟(should)do 或直接用“动词原形”1).表“命令、建议、要求、提议”等意义词语后的相关从句里，用be型虚拟。如：demand,insist,move,order,command,prefer,propose,recommend,request,suggest,vote等动词后的宾语从句，及变形后出现的主从，表从，同为从。E.G:We demand that the meeting(should)be postponed.We didnt stand for his proposal that the meeting(should)be postponed.2).表主观看法，“某事是必要的、重要的、自然而然的”，用于句式：It is+n./adj.+that 从句。adj.含advisable,desirable,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory等。E.G:It is advisable that you(should)leave now.第32页/共83页3).用于表示“恐怕、担心、以免、万一”的lest,in case,for fear that后面lest+(should)do sth 生怕，以免，唯恐E.G:Be careful lest you fall from the tree.b.in case引导目的状从(以免，以防)和条件状从(假使，如果，万一)，从句中可以是陈述语气，也可是虚拟语气should通常不省。E.G:Please remind me again in case I forget.Take a hat with you in case the sun is hot.He took his raincoat in case it should rain.(*区分 in case of sth)c.for fear that sb(should)do sth 以免，唯恐 E.G:He walked fast for fear that he(should)be late.(*He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss.)第33页/共83页4).表示“祝愿、诅咒、禁止”，用动词原形E.G:Long live the friendship between China and Africa.May you be happy all your life.2.were型虚拟从句中谓语动词的时态往过去推进一步，用一般过去表示现在，过于完成表示一般过去，过去将来表示一般将来1).用于wish,if only,would rather,would sooner,had rather,had sooner后的宾语从句中，表示“希望，但愿，宁愿”E.G:I would sooner/would rather he came here now.I wish he came today.I wish he had appeared that day.If only I had a car.(但愿，要是就好了)(=If I had a car,that would be better.)第34页/共83页(*比较：only ifonly为中心词，if为从属连词，表示“只要，只有才，只有在时候，唯一的条件是”。E.G:I told him he would succeed only if he tried hard.)2).用于as if,as though,though等引导的条件状从或让步状从中，表示非真实的条件或让步。E.G:Though the whole world were against me,I would do what I consider to be right.3).It is(high/about)time that sb did sth.It was time that sb had done sth.It is the first time that sb have done sth.It was the first time that sb had done sth.第35页/共83页3.if 型虚拟(引导非真实条件句)1).基本形式(略)2).混合虚拟(时态混用)E.G:If the weather had been more favorable,the crops would be growing still better.3).虚实混用：部分真实，部分虚拟E.G:If only I had been at the concert yesterday evening,but,unfortunately,I failed to get a ticket.4).倒装结构：将were,should,had放在从句主语之前，省ifE.G:Were I you,I would follow his advice.5).语境虚拟用but for,without,were if not for,had it not been for时，表示“要不是，如果没有”，主句用虚拟。E.G:But for/Without radar,it would be difficult to detect the objects in the sky.第36页/共83页Practice:It is necessary that he the assignment withoutdelay.(2010)hand in B.hands in C.must hand in D.has to hand in2.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam,she much better results now.(2008)would be getting B.could have gotC.must get D.would get3.He would have finished his college education,but he to quit and find a job to support his family.(2007)had had B.has C.had D.would have 第37页/共83页4.If only the patient a different treatment instead of using the antibiotics,he might still be alive now.(2007)had received B.received C.should receive D.were receiving5.It is absolutely essential that William his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(2007)will continue B.continued C.continue D.c