Unit-5-Travelling-abroad-Grammar.ppt

定语从句三步：定语从句三步：第一第一找出先行词；找出先行词；第二第二看先行词在定语从句中的语看先行词在定语从句中的语法法功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；功能（做主语、宾语或状语）；第三第三选择合适的关系词选择合适的关系词。(1)that指物时一般可以与指物时一般可以与which互换，但互换，但在下列情况中一般不可以用在下列情况中一般不可以用which。考点一考点一：that和和which 1)All _ can be done has been done.2)I am sure she has something _ you can borrow.当先行词为当先行词为all,much,little,few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不等不定代词定代词时时.that(that)先行词被先行词被all,every,any,no,some,any,little,much修饰时：修饰时：Ive read all the books _ you gave me.先行词是先行词是序数词或形容词最高级序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。修饰时。This is the first composition _ he has written in English.Its the best movie _ I have ever seen.(that)(that)(that)先行词被先行词被the only,the very,the last修饰时修饰时.That white flower is the only one _ I really like.This is the very book _ I want to find.先行词是先行词是疑问词疑问词who,which,what 时，定语时，定语从句用从句用that而不用而不用who(whom)和和which引导。引导。Who is the person _ is standing at the gate?(that)(that)that先行词同时指人和指物时，用先行词同时指人和指物时，用thatthat。He talked about the teachers and school _ he had visited.当关系代词在从句中作表语时：当关系代词在从句中作表语时：Mary is no longer the girl _she used to be.thatthat考点二：连接词考点二：连接词which的用法的用法Which引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一引导非限定性定语从句，其先行词可是一个词个词,也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。也可是整个主句或主句的某一部分。1.Sheheardaterriblenoise,_broughtherheartintohermouth.A.itB.whichC.thisD.that2.Theweatherturnedouttobegood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itBB考点三：介词考点三：介词+关系代词关系代词*“of+which/whom”可用来限定名词、可用来限定名词、代词、分数词、数词等。代词、分数词、数词等。1.Inthedarkstreet,therewasntasingleperson_shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom2.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingthewindows,mostof_hadntbeencleanedforatleastayear.A.theseB.thoseC.thatD.whichDD考点四考点四:关系副词的运用关系副词的运用在限定性和非限定性从句中，在限定性和非限定性从句中，when的先行词是的先行词是时间名词，时间名词，where的先行词是地点名词，分别在的先行词是地点名词，分别在定语从句中做定语从句中做状语状语。1.AfterlivinginParisfor50yearshereturnedtothesmalltown_hegrewupasachild.A.whichB.whereC.thatD.when2.Itwasanexcitingmomentforthesepeoplethisyear,_forthefirsttimetheirteamwontheWorldCup.A.thatB.whileC.whichD.whenBD考点五：考点五：as与与which引导的定语从句引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用互换，但下列情况多用as。1.关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。Asweallknow,theearthisround.2.当与当与suchsuch或或the samethe same连用时，一般用连用时，一般用asas。Suchbooksasyoutellmeareinteresting.Ihavethesameplanasyou.Shehasmarriedagain,_wasexpected.Shehasmarriedagain,_wasunexpected.He won the match,_ we had expected.The police were looking for him,_ he thought.asasaswhich3.当从句和主句语义一致时，用当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之则用，反之则用which。as代表前面主句意思时，有代表前面主句意思时，有“正如正如”之意，从句中的之意，从句中的 动词常是动词常是expect,know,see,think,want,suppose等。等。which指代指代前面整个句子前面整个句子,但但无无“正如正如”之意。之意。e.g.Shewaselectedpresidentagain,_wasreported._isknowntoall,Tomhasmadegreatprogress.asAs4.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。作主语。限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 形式上形式上 不用逗号不用逗号“，”与主句隔与主句隔开开用逗号用逗号“，”与主句与主句隔开隔开 意义上意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译法上 译成先行词的定语：译成先行词的定语：“的的”通常译成主句的并通常译成主句的并列句列句 关系词关系词的使用的使用上上 1.1.作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略1.1.不可省略不可省略 2.2.可用可用that that 2.2.不用不用thatthat 3.3.可用可用whowho 代替代替whomwhom 3.3.不可用不可用who who 代替代替whom whom 1.Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss,_cameasasurprise.A.itB.thatC.whichD.he 此为非限定性从句此为非限定性从句,不能用不能用 thatthat修饰修饰,而用而用which.it which.it 和和he he 都使后句成为句子都使后句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选选hehe句意不通。句意不通。高考链接2.Theweatherturnedouttobeverygood,_wasmorethanwecouldexpect.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.itwhichwhich可代替句子可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句用于非限定性定语从句,而而whatwhat不可。不可。that that 不能用于非限定性定语从句不能用于非限定性定语从句,itit不为连词不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。在英语语法上行不通。3.Itrainedhardyesterday,_preventedmefromgoingtothepark.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it4.Sheisateacherofmuchknowledge,_muchcanbelearned.A.whoB.thatC.fromwhichD.fromwhom5.Chinahasmanyrivers,_theChangjiangRiveristhelongest.A.whichB.inwhichC.amongwhichD.oneofwhich1.This is all_I know about the matter.A.that B.what C.who D.whether2.Is there anything else_you want?A.which B.that C.who D.what3.The last place _we visited was the Great Wall.A.which B.that C.where D.itChoosethebestanswers:4.Please take the second chair_is over there.A.where B.which C.who D.that 5.Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A.that B./C.which D.it 6.Finally,the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police（NMET98)A.which B.what C.whatever D.that 7.The weather turned out to be very good,_ was more than we expected.A.what B.which C.that D.it8.He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows;most of _ hadnt been cleaned for ten years.A.these B.those C.that D.which The Attributive ClauseThe Attributive Clause（non-restrictive)non-restrictive)限制性定语从句限制性定语从句(restrictive)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句(non-restrictive）TheteachertoldmethatTomwasthepersonthatIcoulddependon.老师告诉我说汤姆是我可以依靠的人。老师告诉我说汤姆是我可以依靠的人。Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。定语从句定语从句1.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句限制性定语从句:所谓限制性定语从句就是先行所谓限制性定语从句就是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉如果去掉,主句就主句就会失去意义或意义不完整。这种从句和先行词的会失去意义或意义不完整。这种从句和先行词的关系十分密切关系十分密切,写时不用逗号和主句分开。写时不用逗号和主句分开。e.g.Iwasthefirstpersoninmyofficewhowasinvited.我是我们办公室第一个被邀请的人。我是我们办公室第一个被邀请的人。(如果把从句部分去掉如果把从句部分去掉,整个句子的含义就变整个句子的含义就变了了)非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句:非限制性定语从句和主句的非限制性定语从句和主句的关系并不十分密切关系并不十分密切,只是对先行词做些附加说明只是对先行词做些附加说明,如果去掉如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号隔开。在讲话时语调上须停顿。之间往往用逗号隔开。在讲话时语调上须停顿。一般不用一般不用that引导。引导。1)Hisfather,whoisveryold,becomesawriter.他的父亲很老了他的父亲很老了,成了一名作家。成了一名作家。(去掉从句去掉从句,主句主句的意义仍然完整的意义仍然完整:他的父亲成为了一名作家。他的父亲成为了一名作家。)2)YesterdayImetLiLei,whoseemedtobeverybusy.昨天我碰上李雷了昨天我碰上李雷了,他好象很忙。他好象很忙。(去掉从句去掉从句,意义仍意义仍然完整然完整:昨天我碰上李雷了。昨天我碰上李雷了。)2.非限制性定语从句中的一些注意问题：非限制性定语从句中的一些注意问题：非限制性定语从句中非限制性定语从句中,指物时指物时,用用which而不而不用用that。1)Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame,isplayedallovertheworld.2)Allthebooksthere,whichhavebeautifulpicturesinthem,werewrittenbyhim.指人时主格用指人时主格用who,宾格用宾格用whom,物主格用物主格用whose(也可指物也可指物)。1)MissHowe,whomyoumetinthelibrary,2)isournewteacher.2)TheArabs,whoarefamousfortheirhorsesandcamels,usetheseanimalsforworkandinsports.3)LiMing,whosemotherhasbeenillfortwodays,isabsentfromschooltoday.另外关系副词另外关系副词when(指时间指时间),where(指地点指地点)也可以引导非限制性定语从句也可以引导非限制性定语从句(注意关系副词注意关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句不能引导非限制性定语从句);4)Helivesinthecity,wherethereisahightower.5)ThePeoplesRepublicofChinawasfoundedin1949,whenhewasborn.介词加关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句。介词加关系代词也可以引导非限定性定语从句。6)WuDong,withwhomIwenttoseethefilm,enjoyeditverymuch.7)Herbag,inwhichsheputallherbooks,hasnotbeenfound.8)ThestoryabouttheLongMarch,ofwhichthisisanexample,arewellwritten.3.as,which非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句由由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句引导的非限定性定语从句,as和和which可代整个主句，可代整个主句，as一般放在句首一般放在句首,which在在句中。句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultooneshealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.He was late for school,_ often happened._ we have seen,oceans cover more than 70%of the earth._ is known to all,Taiwan is a part of China.AsAswhich The elephant is like a snake,_anybody can see.He failed in the exam,_is natural.The young man cheated his friend of much money,_ was disgraceful.(不光不光彩的彩的)He was always late for school,_ made his teacher angry.aswhichwhichwhich限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句 形式上形式上 不用逗号不用逗号“，”与主句隔与主句隔开开用逗号用逗号“，”与主句与主句隔开隔开 意义上意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整意思表达不完整 只是对先行词的补充只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。仍能表达完整的意思。译法上译法上 译成先行词的定语：译成先行词的定语：“的的”通常译成主句的并通常译成主句的并列句列句 关系词关系词的使用的使用上上 1.1.作宾语时可省略作宾语时可省略1.1.不可省略不可省略 2.2.可用可用that that 2.2.不用不用thatthat 3.3.可用可用whowho 代替代替whomwhom 3.3.不可用不可用who who 代替代替whom whom