(2.4.1)--1.4StructureandValueofInternatio.ppt
International NewsComparison and Analysis国 际 新 闻 比 较 与 分 析1.1DefinitionofnewsPart I:What is News?1.2Newsvalues(I)1.3Newsvalues(II)1.4 Structure of international newsStructure of international news 1.4Factors influencing the flow of news from abroadInitialmodelbyGaltung&Ruge(1965)RevisedmodelbyHardcup&ONeill(2001)Johan Galtung(1930-)aNorwegiansociologist,themainfounderandfirstdirectorofthePeaceResearchInstituteOslo(PRIO)in1959Mari Ruge(1934-)aNorwegiansocialscientist,oneofthefundingpioneersatPeaceResearchInstituteOslo(PRIO)Point of departureOur world is a geographic structure divided roughly into 160 territories,most of which are called nations and are“autonomous”.But from the perspective of the media,the international community of nations is stratified into“topdog”and“underdog”nations,which receive different levels of media attention.How do“event-scanners”operate?12 factors defining foreign newsAnalyzingthepresentationoftheCongo,CubaandCyprusCrisesinFourNorwegianNewspapers(Galtung&Ruge,1965,p.70)F1.FREQUENCY.Aneventthatunfoldsatthesameorsimilarfrequencyasthenewsmediumismorelikelytobeselectedasnewsthanasocialtrendthattakesplaceoveralongperiodoftime.F2.THRESHOLD.Eventshavetopassathresholdbeforebeingrecordedatall.Afterthat,thegreatertheintensitythegreatertheimpactontheperceptionofthoseresponsiblefornewsselection.F3.UNAMBIGUITY.Themoreclearlyaneventcanbeunderstood,andinterpretedwithoutmultiplemeanings,thegreaterthechanceofitbeingselected.F4.MEANINGFULNESS.Theculturallysimilarislikelytobeselectedbe-causeitfitsintothenewsselectorsframeofreference.F5.CONSONANCE.Thenewsselectormaypredictor,indeed,wantsomethingtohappen,thusformingamental“pre-image”ofanevent,whichinturnincreasesitschancesofbecomingnews.F6.UNEXPECTEDNESS.Themostunexpectedorrareeventswillhavethegreatestchanceofbeingselectedasnews.F7.CONTINUITY.Onceaneventhasbecomeheadlinenewsitremainsinthemediaspotlightforsome.Itiseasiertomakethenewsagainandagain.F8.COMPOSITION.Aneventmaybeincludedasnewslessbecauseofitsintrinsicnewsvaluethanbecauseitfitsintotheoverallcompositionorbalanceofanewspaperornewsbroadcast.F9.REFERENCETOELITENATIONS.F10.REFERENCETOELITEPEOPLE.F11.REFERENCETOPERSONS.F12.REFERENCETOSOMETHINGNEGATIVE.Inotherwords,referencingsomethingnegativetogetabiggerreactionoutoftheaudience.Badnewstravelsfartherandfasterthanpositivenews.Itwillbemoreattractivetoeditorsthanpositivenews.12 factors defining foreign news(Galtung&Ruge,1965,p.70)Construction of a scoring systemHigher score,Higher valueRevision of Galtung and Ruges FactorsEntertainmentManystorieshavebeenincludedinthenewsnotbecausetheyprovidedseriousinformationforthereaderbutmerelytoentertainthereader.ReferencetoEliteOrganizationsorInstitutionsAspreviouslynoted,theinvolvementofaneliteorganization(notjustelitenationsorindividuals)maygeneratenewscoverageofaneventthatmayhavebeenignoredhaditinvolvedanon-eliteorganization.ReferencetoSomethingPositiveNotonlybadnewsmakesnews“goodnews”makesnewstoo.Agendas,PromotionsandCampaignsThemediaorganizationsagenda.Thiscouldincludeforinstance,TheSunsanti-BBCstorieswhichcouldbesaidtoservethecommercialinterestsofRupertMurdock(thebossofthesun).Conclude:factors defining foreign newsF1:frequencyF2:thresholdF3:unambiguityF4:meaningfulnessF5:consonanceF6:unexpectednessF7:continuityF8:compositionF9:reference to elite nationsF10:reference to elite peopleF11:reference to personsF12:reference to something negativeF13:entertainmentF14:reference to something positive F16:agendas,promotions and campaignsF15:reference to elite organizations