益普索-2018年全球假新闻报告（英文）-2019.1-36页.pdf

Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trustA study across 27 countriesFAKE NEWS, POST-TRUTH AND FILTER BUBBLESFake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 20183Fake news, post-truth and filter bubbles are other peoples problems, not ours - 65% think that other people live in a bubble on the internet, mostly looking for opinions they already agree with BUT only 34% say they live in their own bubble - 63% are confident they can identify fake news - BUT only 41% think average person can - 58% think theyre better than average at spotting fake news, only 28% think theyre not - 60% think other people dont care about facts any more, they just believe what they want - 59% think they have a better understanding of social realities like crime rates than the average person, only 29% think they dont4© Ipsos.65% 77% 74% 72% 71% 71% 70% 70% 70% 69% 69% 68% 67% 67% 67% 66% 66% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 60% 59% 57% 55% 50% 44%25% 14% 21% 23% 19% 24% 19% 19% 25% 20% 24% 25% 29% 19% 26% 30% 22% 22% 22% 24% 27% 30% 30% 29% 25% 28% 37% 35%Total US India Malaysia Sweden Turkey Australia Great Britain Mexico Canada Serbia Argentina Chile Hungary South Africa Peru South Korea Poland Belgium Spain China Brazil Russia Saudi Arabia France Germany Italy JapanT123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree The average person in COUNTRY lives in their own bubble on the internet, mostly connecting with people like themselves and looking for opinions they already agree with.5© Ipsos.34% 56% 54% 53% 49% 44% 40% 38% 37% 37% 34% 34% 32% 32% 32% 32% 31% 31% 30% 30% 30% 29% 27% 25% 25% 23% 23% 22%56% 39% 34% 43% 39% 45% 53% 52% 58% 58% 60% 55% 57% 57% 62% 56% 61% 64% 57% 61% 57% 64% 53% 59% 62% 70% 71% 64%Total India China Malaysia Saudi Arabia South Korea Peru Brazil South Africa Turkey Chile Poland Australia Hungary Russia US Canada Mexico Belgium Great Britain Spain Serbia Japan France Italy Argentina Sweden GermanyBase: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I live in my own bubble on the internet, mostly connecting with people like myself and looking for opinions I already agree with.T123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 20186T123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627+31 +48 +45 +45 +40 +40 +39 +38 +38 +35 +34 +33 +33 +32 +32 +32 +30 +30 +28 +26 +25 +22 +22 +19 +18 +17 +10 +7Total Sweden Argentina US Great Britain Serbia Mexico Australia Canada Hungary Turkey Germany Chile Belgium Spain France South Africa Poland Russia Peru Italy South Korea Brazil Malaysia India Japan Saudi Arabia ChinaWere much more likely to think others live in filter bubble than admit we do+/- NetThis chart compares what people say for others and what they say for themselves on how much they live in a bubble, from previous two slides and shows how many more people think that others live in an internet bubble than admit that for themselves7© Ipsos.41% 69% 60% 60% 58% 55% 54% 46% 44% 44% 44% 40% 40% 39% 39% 38% 38% 37% 37% 36% 34% 32% 29% 29% 28% 27% 26% 26%48% 23% 34% 29% 34% 39% 27% 48% 50% 51% 49% 49% 56% 48% 47% 51% 45% 53% 48% 51% 59% 53% 53% 62% 59% 61% 52% 64%Total Hungary Malaysia Saudi Arabia China India Spain Peru Chile Mexico Serbia Russia Turkey Canada Poland Brazil France Argentina South Korea Australia South Africa Belgium Germany US Great Britain Italy Japan SwedenT123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I am confident that the average person in COUNTRY can tell real news from fake news.8© Ipsos.T12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262763% 77% 76% 76% 76% 74% 73% 72% 72% 70% 70% 69% 68% 68% 67% 66% 65% 64% 64% 63% 60% 58% 54% 52% 47% 45% 39% 30%25% 19% 20% 21% 15% 20% 20% 19% 23% 25% 18% 17% 22% 23% 19% 21% 24% 24% 25% 26% 27% 31% 28% 37% 31% 36% 38% 47%Total Turkey Chile Peru Serbia Malaysia South Africa Argentina Mexico India Saudi Arabia Poland Brazil Hungary Australia Great Britain US Canada Sweden China Belgium Russia France Italy Germany South Korea Spain JapanBase: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I am confident that I can tell real news from fake news (entirely made up stories or facts).Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 20189T123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627I can identify fake news but the rest of my country cant+/- Net+22 +39 +38 +38 +37 +36 +35 +32 +32 +31 +30 +30 +30 +28 +28 +25 +25 +18 +18 +16 +15 +14 +10 +8 +5 +4 -1 -15Total South Africa Great Britain Sweden Turkey US Argentina Chile Serbia Australia Brazil Peru Poland Belgium Mexico Canada Italy Germany Russia France India Malaysia Saudi Arabia South Korea China Japan Hungary SpainThis chart compares what people say for others and what they say for themselves on being able to identify fake news from previous two slides and shows how many more people think the average person cant identify fake news compared with them (except in Spain and Hungary)10© Ipsos.58% 73% 72% 69% 69% 69% 68% 66% 65% 65% 64% 62% 60% 59% 59% 59% 58% 56% 54% 54% 53% 52% 50% 49% 49% 47% 43% 30%28% 23% 23% 23% 19% 24% 17% 21% 26% 26% 29% 28% 22% 28% 23% 27% 31% 24% 28% 25% 26% 29% 31% 36% 41% 33% 34% 47%Total Turkey Peru Chile Hungary India Serbia Saudi Arabia Malaysia South Africa Mexico Brazil Poland Argentina Australia US Russia Great Britain Canada Sweden Spain Belgium South Korea China Italy France Germany JapanT123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I think Im better at spotting fake news than the average person in COUNTRY.11© Ipsos.60% 71% 70% 69% 68% 67% 66% 66% 65% 64% 64% 64% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 60% 58% 56% 55% 54% 53% 53% 50% 49% 49% 48%30% 25% 25% 27% 23% 26% 24% 30% 32% 25% 24% 33% 23% 26% 24% 35% 29% 31% 38% 30% 36% 27% 39% 37% 36% 44% 30% 44%Total Peru Serbia Turkey US Argentina Great Britain India Chile Australia Hungary Mexico Poland Belgium Germany South Africa Canada Sweden Malaysia Spain Brazil France Russia South Korea Saudi Arabia China Japan ItalyBase: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree The average person in COUNTRY doesnt care about facts about politics and society anymore, they just believe what they want.T12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262712© Ipsos.T12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262759% 76% 75% 74% 72% 71% 68% 68% 67% 66% 66% 65% 64% 60% 58% 57% 57% 56% 55% 52% 51% 50% 50% 48% 48% 47% 42% 28%29% 20% 20% 22% 24% 24% 21% 25% 23% 23% 27% 25% 21% 23% 27% 28% 24% 32% 33% 35% 35% 34% 36% 30% 34% 38% 38% 51%Total Turkey India Chile Peru Mexico China Malaysia Argentina Serbia South Africa Brazil Saudi Arabia Poland Great Britain Australia Spain Hungary US Sweden Canada Belgium Russia Germany South Korea Italy France JapanBase: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I am confident I have a better understanding of social realities like immigration levels and crime rates than the average person in COUNTRY.FAKE NEWS EXPOSURE AND MEANINGFake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 201814Fake news and media lies- 60% say they very or fairly often see stories where news organisations have deliberately lied BUT theres a very wide range from 82% in Argentina to 30% in Germany- 48% say theyve believed a story they then found out was fake- people define fake news mostly as stories where the facts are wrong, but 36% see it as a term politicians use to discredit stories they dont like up to 51% in the US15© Ipsos.60% 82% 79% 79% 77% 73% 72% 72% 71% 69% 68% 66% 65% 61% 59% 59% 57% 54% 54% 51% 51% 49% 48% 44% 43% 39% 36% 30%28% 16% 14% 17% 21% 19% 24% 25% 17% 24% 26% 31% 22% 26% 28% 30% 29% 26% 30% 32% 30% 36% 36% 42% 47% 52% 41% 42%Total Argentina Serbia Turkey Mexico Brazil India Peru Hungary Malaysia South Africa Chile Poland US Italy Russia Australia France Great Britain Saudi Arabia Spain Belgium Canada Sweden China South Korea Japan GermanyT123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Base: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Very/Fairly oftenNot very often/NeverHow often, if at all, do you think you see stories where news organisations have deliberately said something that isnt true?16© Ipsos.48% 62% 58% 58% 57% 57% 56% 55% 55% 55% 54% 54% 51% 50% 50% 49% 48% 48% 46% 46% 45% 45% 43% 35% 34% 33% 33% 29%40% 29% 29% 29% 39% 29% 34% 37% 33% 29% 41% 43% 41% 45% 41% 39% 39% 39% 39% 42% 39% 38% 40% 51% 46% 54% 63% 62%Total Brazil Saudi Arabia South Korea Peru Spain China India Poland Sweden Chile Mexico Argentina Malaysia South Africa Russia Canada Serbia Australia US Belgium Germany France Hungary Japan Great Britain Turkey ItalyBase: 13,500 adults across 27 countries (500 GB)KEY:Agree Disagree I have falsely believed a news story was real until I found out it was fake.T123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 20181756%44%36%5%7%Stories where the facts are wrongStories where news outlet or politicians only pick facts that support their side of the argumentA term politicians and the media use to discredit news they dont agree with.None of theseDont know When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? 18© Ipsos.56% 71% 68% 68% 67% 65% 62% 62% 62% 62% 61% 58% 55% 55% 55% 54% 53% 52% 52% 52% 51% 51% 50% 45% 39% 37% 33%Total Sweden Brazil Italy South Africa Great Britain Germany Malaysia Turkey US Belgium Canada Australia Japan Mexico France India Argentina Chile Hungary Poland South Korea Serbia Saudi Arabia Peru Spain RussiaBase: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)When you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? Stories where the facts are wrong.% Yes T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2619© Ipsos.44% 66% 62% 60% 58% 57% 56% 55% 53% 53% 53% 51% 50% 50% 50% 50% 48% 46% 42% 39% 37% 35% 31% 26% 25% 25% 18%Total Serbia South Africa Turkey Argentina Chile US India Poland Spain Sweden Hungary Australia Malaysia Peru Russia Mexico Canada Great Britain Belgium South Korea France Saudi Arabia Germany Brazil Japan ItalyWhen you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? Stories where the news outlets or politicians only pick facts that support their side of the argument.% Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2620© Ipsos.36% 51% 49% 48% 47% 46% 46% 46% 45% 44% 43% 43% 42% 42% 40% 38% 36% 35% 35% 32% 30% 30% 27% 25% 19% 18% 11%Total US Peru Malaysia Sweden Canada Chile Russia South Africa South Korea Argentina Turkey Australia Great Britain Poland Mexico India Hungary Spain Belgium Saudi Arabia Serbia France Germany Japan Brazil ItalyWhen you hear the term “fake news”, what are you personally thinking of? A term politicians and the media use to discredit news they dont agree with.% Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26WHY DO WE GET SO MUCH WRONG?Fake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 201822Why do people think were wrong?- the majority of people globally put the blame for our misperceptions of things like immigration levels or crime rates down to politicians misleading us, closely followed by the media misleading us- but 43% also see it as partly about our own biases, like our focus on negative information, misleading us and this is highest in the US at 57%- few people think its because the figures or wrong or our math skills letting us downFake news, filter bubbles, post-truth and trust | September 20182352%49%43%41%18%18%3%10%Politicians mislead peopleThe media misleads peoplePeople have a biased view of the world, for example, they tend to focus on negative things or think things are getting worse, or generalise from their own experienceSocial media misleads peopleIts often the figures that are wrong, not peoples viewsPeople are bad with numbers so they struggle with trying to estimate things like thisNone of theseDon't knowPeople often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this?24© Ipsos.Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)52% 68% 64% 62% 62% 61% 60% 59% 59% 58% 57% 56% 56% 54% 54% 54% 53% 52% 52% 50% 50% 49% 43% 40% 35% 22% 21%Total South Africa US Argentina Peru Serbia Hungary Russia Spain Poland Great Britain India Mexico Belgium Chile Malaysia Turkey Australia Canada France Sweden Brazil Italy Germany South Korea Japan Saudi ArabiaPeople often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this?Politicians mislead people% Yes T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2625© Ipsos.T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2649% 68% 61% 60% 59% 58% 55% 54% 54% 53% 52% 51% 50% 49% 48% 48% 47% 47% 45% 44% 44% 41% 41% 35% 34% 32% 30%Total Serbia Turkey Great Britain Russia US Hungary Argentina Australia South Africa Sweden Malaysia Poland Mexico Belgium Chile Brazil India Canada South Korea Spain France Peru Germany Italy Japan Saudi ArabiaPeople often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this?The media misleads people% Yes Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)26© Ipsos.43% 57% 56% 56% 55% 53% 52% 50% 48% 47% 47% 47% 46% 44% 43% 41% 41% 40% 40% 38% 38% 37% 34% 34% 32% 29% 24%Total US South Africa Sweden Canada Great Britain Chile Australia Malaysia Belgium Mexico Turkey Poland Germany India Argentina Hungary Italy Serbia Peru Spain Brazil France South Korea Japan Russia Saudi ArabiaT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26Base: 13,000 adults across 26 countries (500 GB)People often get lots of things wrong about their countries and how theyre changing, for example, what proportion of the population are immigrants, or whether crime is going up or down. Which of these, if any, do you think are the biggest reasons for this?People have a biased view of the world, for example, they tend to focus on negative things or think things are getting worse, or generalise from their own experience% Yes 27© Ipsos.41% 59% 58% 56% 52