考研英语历年真题完型填空.pdf

2013People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information whenmaking individual decisions.At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 theability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors.But Dr.Uri Simonsohnspeculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to bebiased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,he theorisedthat a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone toprison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation onthat day.To 8 this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.In theory,the 9 ofan applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview duringthe same day,but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11.He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews,12 by 31 admissions officers.The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five.This scale 14 numerousfactors into consideration.The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicantsscore on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardised examwhich is 16 out of 800 points,to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series ofinterviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that,then thescore for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points.This might soundsmall,but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMATpoints than would otherwise have been 20.l.A grantB submitsC transmitsD delivers2.A minorBobjectiveC crucialD external3.A issueB visionC picture|D moment4.A For example B On averageC In principlefD Above all5.A fondBfearfulCl capableD thoughtless6.A inB onC toD for7.A ifBuntilC thoughD unless8.A promoteBemphasizeC shareD test9.A decisionfBl qualityC statusfD success10.A chosenBstupidCfoundD identified11.A exceptionalB defensibleC replaceableD otherwise12.A inspiredBexpressedC conductedfD secured13.A assignedB ratedC matchedD arranged14,A putBgotCgaveD took15.A insteadBthenC everD rather16.AselectedfBlpassedC markedD introduced17.AbeforeB afterCl abovefD below18.A jumpB floatC dropD fluctuate19.AachieveBundoC maintainDdisregard20.A promisingB possibleC necessaryD helpful2012The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an importantissue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that_3_ the courts reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind ofactivity makes it less likely that the courts decisions will be _4_ as impartialjudgments.Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At thevery least,the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the restof the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart frompolitics.They gave justices permanent positions _1 l_they would be free to _12_ thosein power and have no need to _13_ political support.Our legal system was designedto set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamentalsocial _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policydecisions,the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split alongideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courts legitimacy by making themselves_19_ to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen asseparate from politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyD recognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeD unless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedD eliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedD accepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantB subjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksC loadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyD settle9.AllineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthoughDtowards11.AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyC upsetD replace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedC studiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsC shapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDidistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableC agreeableD accountable2O.Abyall meansBat all costsQin a wordDas a result2011Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as“a bodily exerciseprecious to health.But some claims to the contrary,laughing probably haslittle influence on physical filness Laughter does short-term changes in thefunction of the heart and its blood v e sse ls,h e a rt rate and oxygen consumptionBut because hard laughter is difficult to,a good laugh is unlikely to havebenefits the way,say,walking or jogging does.,instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does,laughter apparentlyaccomplishes the,studies dating back to the 1930s indicate that laughter,muscles,Such bodily reaction might conceivably help the effects of psychologicalstress.Anyway,the act of laughing probably does produce other types offeedback,that improve an individuaPs emotional state.one classicaltheory of emotion,our feelings are partially rooted physical reactions.It wasargued at the end of the 19th century that humans do not cry they are sad butthey become sad when te tears begin to flow.Although sadness also tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flowmuscular responses.In an experiment published in 1988,social psychologistFritz Strack of the University of Wurzburg in Germany asked volunteers to _ apen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with theirlips,which would produce a(n)_ expression.Those forced to exercise their smilingmuscles more enthusiastically to funny cartoons than did those whose mouthswere contracted in a frown,_that expressions may influence emotions rather thanjust the other way around._,the physical act of laughter could improve mood.1.A amongBexceptCdespiteDlike2.AreflectBdemandCindicateD produce3.AstabilizingBboostingCimpairingDdetermining4.AtransmitBsustainCevaluateD observe5.fAmeasurableBmanageableFCaffordableDrenewable6.AIn turnBIn factCIn additionDIn brief7.AoppositeBimpossibleC averageDexpected8.AhardensB weakensCtightensDrelaxes9.AaggravateBgenerateC moderateDenhance10.AphysicalBmentalCsubconsciousD internal11.AExcept forB According toCDue tofDAs for12.AwithBonCinrDat13.AunlessBuntilCifDbecause14.AexhaustsBfollowsC precedesD suppresses15.AintofBfromCtowardsfDbeyond16.AfetchBbiteCpickDhold17.AdisappointedBexcitedCjoyfulDindifferent18.AadaptedBcateredC turnedD reacted19.AsuggestingBrequiringCmentioningD supposing20.AEventuallyBConsequentlyCSimilarlyfDConversely2010In 1924 Americas National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise aseries of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called theHawthorne Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting workers*productivity.Instead,the studies ended 2 giving their nameto the Hawthorne effect*,the extremely influential idea that the very 3 tobeing experimented upon changed subjects*behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the Hawthorneplant.According to 5 of the experiments,their hourly output rose whenlighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not 6 what wasdone in the experiment;7 something was changed,productivity rose.A(n)8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alterworkers*behavior 10 itself.After several decades,the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis.Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record,no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changesin lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to14 interpretation of what happed.15 lighting was always changed on aSunday.When work started again on Monday,output 16 rose compared withthe previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.18 acomparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed thatoutput always went up on Monday,workers 19 to be diligent for the first fewdays of the week in any case,before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.Thissuggests that the alleged Hawthorne effect is hard to pin down.1.A affectedB achievedC extractedD restored2.A atBl upCl withD off3.A truthB sightC actD proof4.A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5.A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assessments6.A concludeB matterC indicateD work7.A as far asB for fear thatfC in case thatD so long as8.fA awarenessB expectationfC sentimentD illusion9.A suitableB excessiveC enoughDabundant10.fA aboutB forC onD by11.A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12.A contrary toB consistent with C parallel withD peculiar to13.A evidenceB guidanceC implicationD source14.fA disputableB enlighteningC reliableD misleading15.A In contrastB For exampleC In consequence D As usual16.A dulyB accidentallyfC unpredictablyD suddenly18.fA ThereforeB FurthermoreC HoweverD Meanwhile19.A attemptedBtendedC choseD intended20.A breakingB climbingC surpassingD hitting2009Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smarthumans are.the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in theScience Times.Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2 to live shorter lives.This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer,that thereis an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence,it 5 out,is a high-priced option.It takes more upkeep,bumsmore fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning 一 agradual 7-instead of instinct.Plenty of other species are able to learn,andone of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence?Thats the question behindthis new research.I like it.Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all thespecies weve left in the dust LQ.-wise,it implicitly asks what the real 11 ofour own intelligence might be.This is 12 the mind of every animal Pve evermet.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experimentsanimals would 13 on humans if they had the chance.Every cat with an owner,14 is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning,we believe that15 animals ran the labs,they would test us to 16 the limits of ourpatience,our faithfulness,our memory for terrain.They would try to decide whatintelligence in humans is really 1 ,not merely how much of it there is.18 they would hope to study a 19 question:Are humans actually awareof the world they live in?20 the results are inconclusive.1.A SupposeB ConsiderC ObserveD Imagine2.A tendedB fearedC happenedD threatened3.A thinnerB stablerC lighterD dimmer4.AtendencyB advantageC inclinationD priority5.A insists onB sums upC turns outD puts forward6.A offBl behindCl overD along7.A incredibleB spontaneousC inevitableD gradual8.A fightB doubtCl stopD think9.A invisibleB limitedC indefiniteD different10.A upwardB forwardC afterwardD backward11.A featuresB influencesC resultsD costs12.A outsideB onC byD across13.A deliverB carryC performD apply14.A by chancefB in contrastfC as usualD for instance15.A ifB unlessC asD lest16.A moderateB overcomefC determineD reach17.A atB forC afterD with18.A Above allB After allC HoweverD Otherwise19.A fundamentalB comprehensive C equivalentD hostile20.A By accidentB In timeC So farD Better still2008The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is oneof those hypotheses that dare not speak its name.But Gregory Cochran is tosay it anyway.He is that 2 bird,a scientist who works independently 3any institution.He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thoughtto have a bacterial cause were actually infections,which aroused much controversywhen it was first suggested.5 he,however,might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do.Together with another two scientists,he is publishing a paper which not only 7that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others,but explains theprocess that has brought this about.The group in 8 are a particular peopleoriginated from central Europe.The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test,9 12-15 points above the10 value of 100,and have contributed 11 to the intellectual andcultural life of the West,as the 12 of their elites,including severalworld-renowned scientists,13 They also suffer more often than most peoplefrom a number of nasty genetic diseases,such as breast cancer.These facts,14,have previously been thought unrelated.The former has been 15 to socialeffects,such as a strong tradition of 16 education.The latter was seen as a(an)17 of genetic isolation.Dr.Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseasesare intimately 18 His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20state of affairs.1.A selectedB preparedC obligedD pleased2.A uniqueB particular(Cl specialD rare3.A ofB withC inD against4.A subsequentlyB presentlyC previouslyD lately5.A OnlyBl SoC EvenD Hence6.A thoughtB sightCl costD risk7.A advisesB suggestsC protestsD objects8.A progressB factC needD question9.A attainingB scoringC reachingD calculating10.A normalB commonC meanD total11.A unconsciouslyB disproportionatelyC indefinitelyD unaccountably12.A missionsB fortunesC interestsD careers13.A affirmB witnessC observeD approve14.A moreoverB thereforeC howeverD meanwhile15.A given upB got overC carried onD put down16.A assessingB supervisingfC administeringD valuing17.A developmentB originfC consequenceD instrument18.A linkedB integratedC wovenD combined19.A limitedB subjectedC convertedD directed20.A paradoxicalB incompatibleC inevitableD continuous2007By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independentnations.The roughly 20 million of these nations looked 2 to thefuture.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of theleaders of independence 3 the ideals of representative government,careers4 to talent,freedom of commerce and trade,the 5 to private property,and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.6 there was a belief thatthe new nations should be sovereign and independent states,large enough to beeconomically viable and integrated by a 7 set of laws.On the issue of 8 of religion and the position of the church,9,there was less agreement 10 the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been thestate religion and the only one 11 by the Spanish crown.12 mostleaders sought to maintain Catholicism 13 the official religion of the newstates,some sought to end the 14 of other faiths.The defense of the Churchbecame a rallying 15 for the conservative forces.The i