森林培育学cfl国内外容器育苗技术要点中英文概要学习教案.pptx

会计学1森林培育学森林培育学cfl国内外容器育苗技术要点国内外容器育苗技术要点(yodin)中英文概要中英文概要第一页，共47页。Key techniques points of containerized seedlings Key techniques points of containerized seedlings 容器育苗技术容器育苗技术容器育苗技术容器育苗技术(jsh)(jsh)要点要点要点要点n nContainer 育苗容器n nMedia 培养基n nSeed 种子n nNursery facilities 育苗设备(shbi)n nWater,nutrition,gas,heat and light management of containerized seedlings苗木水、肥、气、热、光的管理第1页/共47页第二页，共47页。Container 育苗育苗(y mio)容器容器n nType of containers 容器类型(lixng)n nMain kind of containers in China 我国主要容器n nMain kind of containers around the world国外主要容器第2页/共47页第三页，共47页。Type of containers容器容器(rngq)的的类型类型n nPaper container 纸容器(rngq)n nPlastic container 塑料容器(rngq)n nContainer made in clay 土容器(rngq)n nContainer made in peat 泥炭容器(rngq)第3页/共47页第四页，共47页。The characteristic of paper containerThe characteristic of paper container纸容器纸容器纸容器纸容器(rngq)(rngq)的特点的特点的特点的特点n nAdvantages 优点：n n 加工容易，重量轻，易分解，造林时可带袋栽植n nDisadvantages 缺点(qudin)：容器耐腐能力差，易破碎，苗根互相穿透，起苗时易伤根第4页/共47页第五页，共47页。Characteristic of plastic container 塑料容器的特点塑料容器的特点(tdin)n nAdvantages 优点(yudin)：使用方便，耐用。国外多采用硬塑料，制成组装或联体式育苗盘，便于机械化作业n nDisadvantages 缺点：容器不能同苗木一起栽植，透气、透水性能较差。成本较高第5页/共47页第六页，共47页。Characteristic of Clay container 土容器土容器(rngq)的特点的特点n nAdvantages 优点：就地取材，成本低，可以(ky)随苗木一起栽植，无污染n nDisadvantages 缺点：重量大，难运输。生产效率低第6页/共47页第七页，共47页。The characteristic of peat containerThe characteristic of peat container泥炭容器泥炭容器泥炭容器泥炭容器(rngq)(rngq)的特点的特点的特点的特点n nAdvantage 优点：重量轻，通气性好，持水力强，能吸收大量水分和液态肥料。容器可同苗木一起(yq)栽植。n nDisadvantage 缺点：我国材料少。成本高第7页/共47页第八页，共47页。Main kind of containers in China我国主要我国主要(zhyo)容器容器n nPlastic bag Plastic bag 塑料薄膜塑料薄膜(s lio bo m)(s lio bo m)袋袋n nPlastic cup Plastic cup 硬塑料杯硬塑料杯n nPaper bag Paper bag 纸袋纸袋n nThe clay cup with rice straw The clay cup with rice straw 稻草泥杯稻草泥杯n nNutrition brick Nutrition brick 营养砖营养砖n nNutrition cup Nutrition cup 营养钵（杯）营养钵（杯）第8页/共47页第九页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with plastic bagKey points of container nursery with plastic bag塑料薄膜塑料薄膜塑料薄膜塑料薄膜(s(s lio bo m)lio bo m)袋育苗要点袋育苗要点袋育苗要点袋育苗要点n n注意(zh y)透水、透气n n袋间空隙应填满泥土n n冬季有利于提高培养基温度n n栽植时不能带袋第9页/共47页第十页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with plastic cup Key points of container nursery with plastic cup 硬塑料杯硬塑料杯硬塑料杯硬塑料杯育苗育苗育苗育苗(y mio)(y mio)要点要点要点要点n n对基质(j zh)的要求高，需透气和持水性能好n n对水分管理的要求较高n n适于机械化作业第10页/共47页第十一页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with paper bag 纸袋育苗纸袋育苗(y mio)要点要点n n适于育苗期短的苗木（2个月左右(zuyu)）n n喷水时不能过湿，以免纸袋破裂n n育苗过程中，苗木不宜移动n n在苗根穿出纸袋之前，苗木出圃第11页/共47页第十二页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with clay cup made from rice straw Key points of container nursery with clay cup made from rice straw 稻草稻草稻草稻草(doc(doc o)o)泥杯育苗要点泥杯育苗要点泥杯育苗要点泥杯育苗要点n n适用于育苗期3-4个月的苗木n n喷水不能过湿，以免(ymin)泥杯腐烂n n防止根系扎入圃地或周边泥杯第12页/共47页第十三页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with nutrition brick Key points of container nursery with nutrition brick 营养营养营养营养(yngy(yngy ng)ng)砖育苗要点砖育苗要点砖育苗要点砖育苗要点n n适用于育苗期3个月左右的苗木n n保持营养砖湿润，防止(fngzh)开裂n n起苗前将砖苗铲起，移动，使受伤苗根在造林前得到恢复，提高造林成活率第13页/共47页第十四页，共47页。Key points of container nursery with nutrition cupKey points of container nursery with nutrition cup营养营养营养营养(yngy(yngy ng)ng)钵钵钵钵（杯）育苗要点（杯）育苗要点（杯）育苗要点（杯）育苗要点n n类似(li s)于南方的营养砖，其特点是抗旱能力强，适于华北地区侧柏、油松育苗，也适于沙地造林n n育苗期2-3个月n n保持钵体湿润，防止干裂第14页/共47页第十五页，共47页。Main kind of containers around the world 国外主要国外主要(zhyo)容器容器n nHoneycomb-like paper cup Honeycomb-like paper cup 蜂窝蜂窝(fngw)(fngw)纸杯纸杯n nmultiple cup container made from Rigid plasticmultiple cup container made from Rigid plastic多杯硬塑料容器多杯硬塑料容器n nFoamed plastic tray Foamed plastic tray 聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料盘聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料盘n nPlastic roll Plastic roll 尼索拉塑料卷尼索拉塑料卷n nPeat cup Peat cup 泥炭杯泥炭杯n nLincrusta container Lincrusta container 油毡纸容器油毡纸容器n nPeat brick Peat brick 泥炭营养块泥炭营养块第15页/共47页第十六页，共47页。Size of container 容器容器(rngq)规规格格n n取决于育苗地区、树种、育苗期限、苗木规格(gug)、运输条件和造林地的立地条件等。第16页/共47页第十七页，共47页。Media 培养基培养基n nPrerequisite of good mediaPrerequisite of good media优良培养基应具备优良培养基应具备(jbi)(jbi)的条件的条件n nMain medium in ChinaMain medium in China我国主要培养基我国主要培养基n nMaterials used for media around the world Materials used for media around the world 国外主要培养基国外主要培养基n nPretreatment of media Pretreatment of media 培养基的预处理培养基的预处理第17页/共47页第十八页，共47页。Prerequisite of good media 优良培养基应具备优良培养基应具备(jbi)的条件的条件n nhas physical,chemical,and biological properties that result in good water-holding capacity and aeration and has physical,chemical,and biological properties that result in good water-holding capacity and aeration and high cation exchange capacity high cation exchange capacity n n质地均匀致密，能固定苗木。不论干湿，体积变化不大。质地均匀致密，能固定苗木。不论干湿，体积变化不大。n n保水保肥性能好保水保肥性能好n n通气性能好通气性能好n n具有较高的阳离子交换能力具有较高的阳离子交换能力n n本身本身(bnshn)(bnshn)具有一定的肥力具有一定的肥力n n不带草籽、病虫害和有毒物质不带草籽、病虫害和有毒物质n n盐、碱含量低盐、碱含量低第18页/共47页第十九页，共47页。Main medium in China 我国主要我国主要(zhyo)培养基培养基n n培养基的材料(cilio)n n培养基的配方第19页/共47页第二十页，共47页。Materials used for media in China 我国培养基的材料我国培养基的材料(cilio)n nPeat Peat 泥炭泥炭n nvermiculitevermiculite蛭石蛭石n nPerlite Perlite 珍株岩珍株岩n nForest topsoil Forest topsoil 森林表土森林表土n nSod Sod 草皮土草皮土n npond sludge pond sludge 塘泥塘泥n nheated soil heated soil 火烧土火烧土n nsoil in deep layersoil in deep layer黄心土黄心土(xnt(xnt)n nOrganic fertilizer Organic fertilizer 有机肥料有机肥料第20页/共47页第二十一页，共47页。Characteristic of peat 泥炭泥炭(ntn)的特性的特性泥炭是由各种水生、湿生和沼生植物残体组成的疏松堆积物。其特性为：1 质轻、疏松，持水力强，透气性好2 具有(jyu)较强的阳离子交换能力3 一般多呈酸性，PH值5-6.5之间第21页/共47页第二十二页，共47页。Characteristic of vermiculite 蛭石蛭石(zh sh)的特性的特性 蛭石是云母岩经过高温（蛭石是云母岩经过高温（11001100）处理）处理(ch(ch l l)后膨胀后膨胀而成的海绵状颗粒，其化学成分为无机硅酸镁而成的海绵状颗粒，其化学成分为无机硅酸镁等。蛭石的特性为：等。蛭石的特性为：1 1 呈中性，具有良好的缓冲性能呈中性，具有良好的缓冲性能2 2 不溶于水，但能吸收大量水分不溶于水，但能吸收大量水分3 3 使培养基疏松，保持良好的透气、透水性使培养基疏松，保持良好的透气、透水性4 4 具有较高的阳离子交换能力具有较高的阳离子交换能力第22页/共47页第二十三页，共47页。Characteristic of perlite 珍珠岩的特性珍珠岩的特性(txng)珍珠岩也是一种细小的海绵(himin)质颗粒。其特点为：1 重量很轻，但持水能力很高2 呈中性，但不具缓冲作用，也没有阳离子交换能力，不含矿质养分第23页/共47页第二十四页，共47页。Characteristic of forest topsoil 森林森林(snln)表土的特性表土的特性1 含有(hn yu)大量有机质，肥力高2 土壤结构疏松，保水、保肥能力好3 阳离子交换能力强4 PH值5.5-6.5之间5 松林下表土含大量菌根菌第24页/共47页第二十五页，共47页。Characteristic of sod 草皮草皮(cop)土的特性土的特性n n养分含量、土壤结构、土壤物理(wl)性状等与森林表土类似，但不如森林表土。第25页/共47页第二十六页，共47页。Characteristic of pond sludge塘泥塘泥(tn n)的特性的特性n n成分复杂，养分(yngfn)含量差别大n n有一定的改良土壤的作用n n为迟效或凉性肥料第26页/共47页第二十七页，共47页。Characteristic of heated soil火烧火烧(hu sho)土的特性土的特性n n含较高速(o s)效养分n n吸热和保水能力强n n病原菌等较少第27页/共47页第二十八页，共47页。Characteristic of soil in deep layer Characteristic of soil in deep layer 黄心土黄心土黄心土黄心土(xnt(xnt)的特性的特性的特性的特性n n资源丰富，取土容易(rngy)n n无病原菌n n有机质及其它养分含量低n n透水、透气性能差第28页/共47页第二十九页，共47页。Organic fertilizer 有机肥料有机肥料(yuj filio)指各种厩肥，堆肥(dufi)、饼肥和人粪尿等。用于增加土壤有机质，提高土壤肥力和改善培养基的物理性质，提高保水保肥能力。第29页/共47页第三十页，共47页。Media component used in China Media component used in China 我国培养基的配方我国培养基的配方我国培养基的配方我国培养基的配方(pi fng)(pi fng)n n森林表土森林表土(bi(bi otot)50%+)50%+泥炭泥炭25%+25%+厩肥（马粪）厩肥（马粪）25%25%落叶松落叶松n n森林表土森林表土(bi(bi otot)80%+)80%+厩肥厩肥20%20%落叶松落叶松n n森林表土森林表土(bi(bi otot)50%+)50%+泥炭泥炭50%+50%+少量过磷酸钙少量过磷酸钙 n n 落叶松、樟子松、红皮云杉、红松、水曲柳落叶松、樟子松、红皮云杉、红松、水曲柳n n泥炭泥炭70%+70%+厩肥（鹿粪）厩肥（鹿粪）28%+28%+过磷酸钙过磷酸钙2%2%樟子松樟子松n n泥炭泥炭76%+76%+厩肥（猪粪）厩肥（猪粪）14%+14%+人粪尿人粪尿8%+8%+过磷酸钙过磷酸钙2%2%樟子松樟子松n n沙土沙土65%+65%+厩肥（马、羊粪）厩肥（马、羊粪）35%35%油松、赤松、樟子松油松、赤松、樟子松第30页/共47页第三十一页，共47页。Materials used for media around the world 国外培养基国外培养基的材料的材料(cilio)n nPeat 泥炭n nVermiculite 蛭石n nPerlite 珍珠岩n nPower of tree bark 树皮粉n nOthers 其它(qt)：surface soil,organic fertilizer and so on 表土、有机肥等第31页/共47页第三十二页，共47页。Media component around the world Media component around the world 国外培养基的配方国外培养基的配方国外培养基的配方国外培养基的配方(pi(pi fng)fng)n n泥炭60%+蛭石40%n n纯泥炭n n泥炭25%+蛭石25%+表土50%n n泥炭50%+树皮(sh p)粉50%+少量氮肥n n泥炭50%+珍珠岩50%n n烧土67%+堆肥33%第32页/共47页第三十三页，共47页。Pretreatment of media 培养基的预处理培养基的预处理n nMedia blending 培养基的调制n nPH regulation 培养基酸碱度的调整n nMycorrhiza inoculation 接种(jizhng)菌根菌n nSterilizing of media 培养基的消毒第33页/共47页第三十四页，共47页。Seed pretreatment of container nursery Seed pretreatment of container nursery 容器育苗容器育苗容器育苗容器育苗(y mio)(y mio)的种子处理的种子处理的种子处理的种子处理n nSeed germination teat 种子发芽测定(cdng)n nSeed upgrading 种子精选n nSterilizing of Seed 种子消毒处理n nSeed chitting 种子催芽处理第34页/共47页第三十五页，共47页。Sowing and transplanting播种播种(b zhng)与移植与移植n nCalculation of sowing rate 播种量的计算n nSowing techniques 播种技术n nTechnique of transplanting emergent 芽苗移栽技术n nTechnique of transplanting seedling 幼苗(yumio)移植技术第35页/共47页第三十六页，共47页。Calculation of sowing rate播种量的计算播种量的计算(j sun)根据发芽率测定结果(ji gu)而定：发芽率80%以上：每容器2粒发芽率60-80%：每容器3-4粒发芽率40-60%：每容器4-6粒发芽率20-40%：每容器6-8粒第36页/共47页第三十七页，共47页。Sowing techniques 播种播种(b zhng)技术技术1培养基的装填2 营养袋的摆放3 播种(b zhng)4 覆盖第37页/共47页第三十八页，共47页。Sowing seedsn nBecause Because all all cells,cells,with with or or without without seedlings,seedlings,cost cost the the same same to to carry carry through through a a growing growing cycle,cycle,vigorous vigorous seedlings seedlings should should be be grown grown in in as as many many cells cells as as possible.possible.Seed-sowing Seed-sowing strategies strategies should should be be based based on on current current germination germination test test results.results.If If the the viability viability of of the the seedlot seedlot used used is is in in the the 70 70 to to 80 80 percent percent range range(typical(typical for for most most lots lots of of longleaf longleaf seeds),seeds),two two seeds seeds per per cavity cavity should should be be sown,sown,then then thinned thinned to to one one seedling before the seed coats are shed.seedling before the seed coats are shed.第38页/共47页第三十九页，共47页。Covering seedsn nAfter seeding the containers,most growers cover the seeds with a light layer of media After seeding the containers,most growers cover the seeds with a light layer of media or vermiculite.Vermiculite may be the better choice,because it allows more light or vermiculite.Vermiculite may be the better choice,because it allows more light penetration to the seed.This covering improves the moisture relationships around penetration to the seed.This covering improves the moisture relationships around the seeds and,thus,improves and hastens germination.Seeds should be covered with the seeds and,thus,improves and hastens germination.Seeds should be covered with no more than one-eighth inch of material.Deep covering slows germination and no more than one-eighth inch of material.Deep covering slows germination and increases the chance of damping-off and other disease problems.increases the chance of damping-off and other disease problems.第39页/共47页第四十页，共47页。Technique of transplanting emergent 芽苗移栽芽苗移栽(y zi)技术技术n n发芽率高、节省种子n n省工n n在苗木出土(ch t)，刚脱去种壳时移植n n幼苗应置于水中，要及时移栽，及时浇水。第40页/共47页第四十一页，共47页。Technique of transplanting seedling 幼苗幼苗(yumio)移植技术移植技术n n苗木(miom)与培养基密接，但不窝根n n及时浇水第41页/共47页第四十二页，共47页。Water,nutrition,air,heat,insect and disease management of container Water,nutrition,air,heat,insect and disease management of container nursery nursery 容器容器容器容器(rngq)(rngq)苗的水、肥、气、热、病虫管理苗的水、肥、气、热、病虫管理苗的水、肥、气、热、病虫管理苗的水、肥、气、热、病虫管理n nManagement of seedling in field 露天苗的管理(gunl)n nManagement of seedling in greenhouse 温室苗的管理(gunl)第42页/共47页第四十三页，共47页。Management of seedling in field露天露天(ltin)苗的管理苗的管理n nWater 水分管理(gunl)n nFertilizer 施肥n nPH值调节n nShade 遮荫n nThinning 间苗n nInsect and disease 病虫害防治第43页/共47页第四十四页，共47页。Management of seedling in greenhouse 温室温室(wnsh)苗的管理苗的管理n nTemperature control 温度控制n nHumidity control 湿度(shd)控制n nLight control 光照控制n nCO2 control 二氧化碳控制n nWater and fertilizer control 水肥控制n nInsect and disease control 病虫害控制第44页/共47页第四十五页，共47页。The outplanting of container seedling 容器容器(rngq)苗出圃苗出圃n nSeedling quality evaluation 苗木(miom)质量检测n nDigging and transportation 起苗与运输n nSeedling storage 苗木(miom)贮藏第45页/共47页第四十六页，共47页。The advantages of container nursery 容器容器(rngq)育育苗的优越性苗的优越性n n育苗周期短n n造林成活率和保存率高n n提高幼林生长量n n延长造林季节n n节约土地n n节省(jishng)种子n n有利于实现工厂化育苗第46页/共47页第四十七页，共47页。