人教高中英语20-21 unit 1 教学·知识细解码.doc

1commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi. 忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的 commitment n承诺；交托；信奉2distinct adj. 清晰的；清楚的；有区别的distinction n差别；区分；卓著3. acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢acknowledgement n承认4. conclude vt. 推断出；得出结论；使结束vi.结束；终止conclusion n结论；推论；结束5. apparent adj.显而易见的；显然的；表面上的apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然6. science n科学scientist n科学家scientific adj.科学(上)的；关于科学的7. academy n(艺术、文学、科学等的)研究院；学会；专科院校academic adj. 学业的；学术的8. object n. 物体；对象；客体objective n目标；目的adj. 客观的9. botany n. 植物学botanical adj.植物学的1defeat n失败；挫败 vt.击败；战胜；使困惑；难住Our football team defeated theirs this time.vt.击败；战胜We had two defeats this year. n失败；挫败This kind of problems always defeats me.vt. 使困惑；难住2conclude vt. 推断出；得出结论；使结束 vi.结束；终止The meeting concluded at ten o'clock.vi. 结束；终止When you didn't arrive, we concluded that the car had broken down.vt.推断出They concluded their research with these words.vt. 使结束3. boil vt.& vi.(使)沸腾；煮开；烧开 n沸腾；沸点Water boils at 100 degrees centigrade. vi. 沸腾Boil some water for us, please! vt.煮开；烧开Just before the milk comes to the boil, turn down the heat. n沸腾；沸点4. obtain vt. (尤指努力)获得；赢得；学会 vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行The custom still obtains in some districts. vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行It is necessary to obtain the patients' permission. vt. (尤指努力)获得He obtained a knowledge of Latin.vt. 学会Words And Phrasesvital adj.必不可少的；极其重要的；充满生机的(教材P2)Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria.青蒿素已经成为治疗疟疾的重要组成部分。例1His vital and cheerful manner filled the whole team with courage.他那充满生机、欢快的态度使整个队伍充满了勇气。例2It is vital that we should be kept informed of all developments.重要的是我们必须熟悉所有的发展情况。翻译旅游业对西班牙经济至关重要。Tourism is vital for the Spanish economy.知识拓展be vital to.对很重要It is vital to do sth. 做某事是很重要的It is vital that. 是十分重要的(that从句中要用虚拟语气，即should do, should可以省略)即学即练单句语法填空Consideration for other people is vital to all of us.It's vital that we (should) carry (carry) out the operation immediately.It is vital to protect(protect) wild animals.commit vt.承诺；保证(某个人、机构等) vi. 忠于；全心全意投入(工作、活动等)(教材P2)Tu Youyou, a committed and patient scientist, was born in Ningbo, China on 30 December 1930, and graduated from Peking University Medical School in 1955.屠呦呦，一位坚定而有耐心的科学家，1930年12月30日出生于中国宁波，1955年毕业于北京大学医学院。例1We are committed to improving services.我们致力于改善服务。例2Nobody was prepared to commit themselves.谁都不愿作出承诺。翻译不管怎样，她都不想作出承诺。She didn't want to commit herself one way or the other.知识拓展(1)commit.to把送交，托付给；对作出承诺，承担义务，担负责任；使(自己)致力于commit oneself to do. 承诺；保证做某事commit a crime 犯罪(2)committed adj. 尽心尽力的；坚定的；坚信的commitment n. 承诺；交托；信奉即学即练单句语法填空The boy was committed(commit) to the care of his aunt yesterday.He has committed himself to the cause of education.He has committed himself to support(support) them.The prime minister is personally committed(commit) to this project.小片段填空Also, be totally committed to what you do, as excellence is only possible with commitment此外，完全致力于你所做的事，因为只有完全付出才可能达到卓越。evaluate vt.评估；评价(教材P2)Her team examined over 2，000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280，000 plants for their medical properties.她的团队查看了2 000多本古老的医学文献，并对28万种植物的药用性能进行了评估。例1I can't evaluate his ability without seeing his work.我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评估他的能力。例2The school has only been open for six months, so it's hard to evaluate its success.该学校仅开办了六个月, 现在还很难估计它的成就。翻译这项证据应当仔细地评定。The evidence should be carefully evaluated知识拓展(1)evaluate sb.on/by根据评价某人(2)evaluation n. 估计；评价make an evaluation of 对进行评估即学即练单句语法填空We must evaluate her ability on/by her work.We must evaluate(evaluate) the consequences caused by the fire. We must make an evaluation(evaluate) of the consequences caused by the fire.小片段填空At present, there exist some problems in the evaluation of teachers.Schools should perfect the means of evaluation and improve evaluating level.当前教师评价中存在着一些弊端，学校应针对存在的问题，改进评价方法，提高评价水平。obtain vt. (尤指经努力)获得；赢得vi.(规章、习俗等)存在；流行(教材P2)They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work.然后他们试着把新鲜的苦艾煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。例1Different laws obtain in different places.不同的法律适用在不同的地方。例2As far as I'm concerned, what he had done obtained him respect.在我看来，他的所作所为为他赢得了荣誉。翻译这种信息从互联网上很容易获得。Such information is easily obtained from the Internet.知识拓展obtain knowledge/one's degree获得知识/学位obtain sb.sth.obtain sth.for sb. 给某人带来某物obtain sth.by doing sth. 通过做某事获得某物obtain sth.from sb./sth. 从某人/物获得某物即学即练单句语法填空The value of a person can be obtained(obtain) by relative evaluation.Her successful performance obtained great honour for her.Details can be obtained from the Department of Education.acknowledge vt. 承认(属实、权威等)；(公开)感谢(教材P2)However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.然而，屠呦呦并不接受失败。例1He acknowledged having made a mistake.他承认做错了。例2I acknowledged him as an expert.我视他为专家。翻译他们希望公开感谢警方在拍摄此片中所给予的帮助。They wish to acknowledge the assistance of the police in the making of this film.知识拓展(1)acknowledge (doing/having done) sth.承认(做了)某事acknowledge sb./sth.to be/as 承认某人/某物是acknowledge that. 承认It's generally/universally acknowledged that. 大家公认(2)acknowledgement n. 承认；感谢；谢礼即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换She is acknowledged to be(be) one of the best singers in the world. With no solid evidence, he refused to acknowledge stealing/having stolen (steal) the lady's purse.I was sent a free copy in acknowledgement (acknowledge) of my contribution.People widely acknowledge that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.It is widely acknowledged that students should be evaluated in terms of overall quality.(教材P2)She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.她的结论是，煮沸青蒿显然破坏了它的医疗特性。(1)conclude vt. 推断出；得出结论；使结束vi.结束；终止例1We concluded not to wait any more.我们决定不再等了。例2The doctors concluded that he had suffered a stroke.医生诊断他中风了。翻译你从所有这一切当中得出什么结论？What do you conclude from all this?知识拓展(1) conclude.from.从中推断出conclude (from sth.) that. (从某事中)推断出；(从某事中)断定conclude sth.with./by doing. 以结束(2)conclusion n. 结论；推论；结束draw/reach/come to/arrive at a/the conclusion 得出结论in conclusion 最后；总之；总而言之即学即练单句语法填空We will have a further discussion before we draw a final conclusion(conclude)In conclusion, I would like to say the film Born in China is worth seeing.She concluded her performance with a poem.What can we conclude from the conversation?联想助记完成下列表示“最后；总而言之”的其他表达：in a wordin briefall in allin shorton the whole小片段填空The seventh chapter is a conclusionThe author stated the full text's key points and concluded this article's study conclusion第七章是结论，作者综述了全文要点，并得出了本文的研究结论。(2)apparently adv.显而易见；看来；显然例1He was apparently much surprised at the news.他对那个消息显然感到十分惊讶。例2The child nodded, apparently content with the promise.孩子点了点头，看来他对这个许诺还满意。翻译显然他从那里什么也没看见。Apparently he could see nothing from there.知识拓展(1)As is apparently shown/stated in the picture/chart/passage above.正如上面图画/图表/文中明显展示/陈述的那样(2)apparent adj.显而易见的；显然的；表面上的It is apparent that. 显然即学即练单句语法填空As is apparently shown in the chart above, there are about 10% students supporting the idea.He paused, apparently(apparent) lost in thought.Soon, it was apparent to everyone that he couldn't sing.insist on坚决要求(教材P3)Tu Youyou and her team members even insisted on testing the medicine on themselves to make sure that it was safe.屠呦呦和她的团队成员甚至坚持在自己身上测试药物，以确保它是安全的。例1He insisted on his demand.他坚持他的要求。例2She insisted on her mother's living with her.她坚持要她母亲和她住在一起。翻译她坚持立刻就走。She insisted on leaving at once.知识拓展(1)insist on/upon (doing) sth.坚决要求(做)某事(2)在“insistthat.”结构中，当insist作“坚持主张，坚决要求”讲时，其后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，即从句谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。当insist作“坚持说，坚持认为”讲时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气。即学即练单句语法填空The teacher insisted on all the homework being handed(hand) in on Monday.He insisted on/upon walking me to the station to see me off.He insisted that the problem (should)be discussed (discuss) at the meeting.Sentence Patterns过去分词作定语(教材P2)In 1967, the Chinese government formed a team of scientists with the objective of discovering a new treatment for malaria, and Tu Youyou was among the first researchers chosen.1967年，中国政府组建了一支以探索治疗疟疾新方法为目的的科学家队伍，屠呦呦是其中首批入选的研究人员。句式分析：过去分词chosen作名词researchers的后置定语，相当于定语从句that were chosen的省略。例1The experience gained will give you more confidence to help your customers.获得的经验会给你更多的信心去帮助你的客户。例2There are many beautifully decorated houses in this rich area.这个富人区有许多装饰精美的房子。翻译所需的所有工具将全部供应。All the tools needed will be fully supplied.知识拓展(1)过去分词作定语时通常与所修饰的名词构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。(2)过去分词还可以在句中作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随、方式等状语。此时过去分词通常与句子的主语构成被动关系，或表示动作已完成。即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换Given(give) a lot of money, he lived a better life.Used(use) with care, one tin will last for six weeks.The teacher came in, followed(follow) by a group of students.The meeting which was held yesterday is of great importance.The meeting held yesterday is of great importance.upon/on doing.当时；一就(教材P3)Upon hearing that she had been awarded the Nobel Prize，.当听到自己被授予诺贝尔奖时，句式分析：upon/on doing.当时；一就，相当于as soon as引导的时间状语从句。例1Upon seeing her, I smiled and ran toward her.看到她我笑了，并跑了过去。例2On his return from Japan, Prof.Li went directly to his laboratory and started working with his colleagues.李教授刚一从日本回来就到他的实验室，开始和他的同事们一道工作起来。翻译刚到国外的时候，我们会感到很兴奋，一切事情看起来都很奇妙。On arriving in a foreign country, we may feel very excited, and everything appears wonderful.知识拓展(1)一些表示短暂性动作的动词，如：arrive, return, reach, hear, see, receive, enter, step, get, recognize, leave等，它们相应的名词形式或动名词形式用在upon或on之后可表达“一就”。(2)某些at引导的介词短语可用来表达“一就”，如：at the sight of(一看到)；at the thought of(一想到)；at the sound of(一听到)；at the first opportunity/chance(一有机会)等。(3)在名词minute, moment和instant前加上定冠词the也可以引导时间状语从句来表达“一就”。它们后面可以加that，含义不变。(4)可用副词immediately和 directly来表达“一就”。这时，它们所起的作用相当于连词，引导时间状语从句。这种用法主要用在英国英语及口语中。即学即练单句语法填空/句型转换Immediately(immediate) he arrived, he started telling us what to do.At the sight of the police officer the thief ran off.I'll tell him the minute (that) he gets here.As soon as he went out of the room, Jack heard his cellphone ringing.Upon going out of the room, Jack heard his cellphone ringing.1This year's Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou (co­winner), whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin, a crucial new treatment for malaria.【分析】主句后whose引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词为Tu Youyou，其中名词短语a crucial new treatment for malaria是artemisinin的同位语。【译文】今年的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了屠呦呦(共同获奖者)，她的研究发现了青蒿素，这是一种治疗疟疾的关键新药。2They then tried boiling fresh wormwood, and using the liquid obtained from this to treat malaria, but this did not work, either.【分析】句中but连接表示转折关系的并列句，第一个分句中and连接表示顺承关系的两个并列的动词­ing形式作动词tried的宾语；过去分词短语obtained from this作名词liquid的后置定语。【译文】然后他们试着把新鲜的苦艾煮开，用从中提取的液体来治疗疟疾，但这也不管用。教材高考1.Artemisinin has become a vital part of the treatment for malaria, and is thought to save 100，000 lives a year in Africa alone.(2019·天津卷) Understanding history is vital to understanding ourselves as a people and as a nation.2.Her team examined over 2，000 old medical texts, and evaluated 280，000 plants for their medical properties.(2019·全国卷)First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values，your strengths, your weaknesses，your achievements, your desires，etc.3.However, Tu Youyou would not acknowledge defeat.(2019·全国卷)Her years of hard work have finally been acknowledged after a customer nominated(提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.4.She concluded that boiling the sweet wormwood apparently destroyed its medical properties.(2019·北京卷)They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent.单句语法填空1. Food and energy are vital to the livelihood, development and stability of all nations.2She is acknowledged(acknowledge) as an expert on the subject now.3Six soldiers are reported to have died from their wounds.4Three professors were asked to make an evaluation (evaluate) of the teaching plan.5She has committed herself to go(go) at once.6I asked him to stay for a while, but he insisted on leaving(leave) at once.7Upon his arrival(arrive) at the spot, he found that the gypsies had gone.8He continued to place safety above all other objectives(objective)9The teacher tried his best to analyse(analyse) the cause of our failure.10The general began to work out his plan for defeating(defeat) the enemy.选词填空die from, in the beginning, by chance, draw out, commit oneself to, insist on, risk one's life, lead to 1I must go.I have committed myself to the club tonight and the members are expecting me.2The teacher insisted on all the homework being handed in on Monday.3The fireman risked his life to save the baby from the burning building.4In given conditions, a bad thing can lead to good results.5In a severe winter, wild animals can die from lack of food.6“No one does very well at this in the beginning，” said the counselor.7I met a famous actor by chance on the street.8He drew out his notebook and began to take notes.课文语法填空In 2015, Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine because she discovered artemisinin, which is a vital 1.treatment(treat) for malaria.Tu Youyou was born in Ningbo, China in 1930 and 2.graduated(graduate) from Peking University Medical School in 1955.In 1967, she, together with a team of 3.scientists(scientist), began to discover a new treatment for malaria.In 1969, as the head of the project, she decided 4.to find(find) traditional botanical treatments for the disease from ancient Chinese medical texts.She got an inspiration from one medical text of the fourth century, which suggested 5.using(use) the extract from sweet wormwood to treat a fever.At first her team tested a collection of 6.dried(dry) wormwood leaves but it didn't work.Then they tried boiling fresh wormwood 7.but had no effect, either.However, she didn't acknowledge the defeat and finally found a different way to treat the wormwood.She drew out the extract from the wormwood 8.at a lower temperature and found a substance that worked.9.Luckily(lucky), her team finally succeeded in 1971 and the medicine，10.which was called artemisinin, soon became a standard treatment for malaria.13