The_preferential_flow_of_soil_A_widespread_phenomenon_in_pedological_perspectives1.docx
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1、ISSN 1064-2293, Eurasian Soil Science, 2016, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 661672. Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2016. SOIL PHYSICS The Preferential Flow of Soil: A Widespread Phenomenon in Pedological Perspectives1 Yinghu Zhanga, Mingxiang Zhanga, Jianzhi Niub, and Haijin Zhengc aSchool of Nature Conservation,
2、Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China bSchool of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China cJiangxi Provincial Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Nanchang, 330029, China e-mail: Received April 28, 2015 AbstractThe article provides an overv
3、iew of studies about the preferential f low phenomenon. This phenom- enon is one of the types of the transportation of water solution through the soil profile by preferential channels (pathways) with a relatively high speed and with a slight change in the chemical composition of the solution. Intere
4、st in this phenomenon has risen sharply in the last two decades due to the observed fast transportation of contaminants from soil surface into groundwater level. On the basis of the literature data, the authors give the definition of this phenomenon, consider its types, degree, features, mechanisms,
5、 methods and models and research perspectives, in particular the interaction between preferential f low and soil matrix f low. The article considers the aspects of the movement of soil water carrying heavy metals and pesticides; hence, it concerns the protection of environment and peoples health. It
6、 provides the thorough review of the studies on the preferential f low, and describes the research directions and their development. Keywords: preferential f low, soil matrix, soil water movement, solute transportation, water infiltration, mac- ropore f low, runoff DOI: 10.1134/S1064229316060120 INT
7、RODUCTION In the 1980s, residents lived in the eastern part of Long Island, United States of America, unexpectedly found their water wells were polluted by pesticide called Aldicarb and could not understand the reason why the contaminant transported so fast from soil upper layers to groundwater leve
8、l. Soil water move- ment and solute transportation evaluated by preferen- tial f low pathways are hot spots both in biological and ecological aspects from pedological perspectives 14. Solution including heavy metal, radionuclides, pesti- cides, and contaminants could transport from soil sur- face to
9、 subsurface zone even groundwater level by preferential f low pathways 46. This phenomenon is important for understanding and estimating of bio- geocenotic and global ecological functions of soil, such as the transformation of substances and energy entering the soil, sorption of substances and water
10、 by soil, formation of chemical composition of groundwa- ter, and the regulation of water balance of landscapes. In general, the preferential f low of soil research enlightened by Schumacher in 1864 originated from macropores phenomenon during water infiltration. Some studies found that soil water a
11、nd solute trans- 1 The article is published in the original. ported through soil layers with high f low rate bypass- ing soil matrix. The result was consistent with Lawes et al. 63. Afterwards, no close attention had been paid to preferential f low until people stated that water infiltration was pos
12、itively correlated with soil cracks, root channels and fissures. Free et al. 37 also reported that macroporosity had a pivotal effect on water infiltration rate. Bouma and Dekker 13 stated that dye stain coverage could be used to examine the number, size and shape of conducting pores to charac- teri
13、ze water movement characteristics of soils. Studies on preferential f low were not of great interest gradually until Beven and Germann 9 proposed a kinematic wave model. Helling and Gish 47 characterized the role of root channels, cracks, fissures in soil water movement and solute transportation, an
14、d they regarded those continuous pores as the preferential f low pathways. Beven and Germann 9, Bundt et al. 14, Hagedorn and Bundt 45 showed that the pref- erential f low pathways in forest soils persisted for decades. Franklin et al. 36 demonstrated that the mechanism of the preferential f low pat
15、hways was ambiguous though lots of studies had been done for macropore f low. Etana et al. 31 concluded that per- sistence of subsoil compaction might enhance prefer- ential f low and that width of f lowpath was more related to dye coverage, and also stated that smaller 661 662 YINGHU ZHANG et al. E
16、URASIAN SOIL SCIENCE Vol. 49 No. 6 2016 numbers and width of f lowpath in the upper subsoil (3040 cm) caused smaller dye coverage because of water movement and solute transportation through small pores space of the compaction treatment. While, larger numbers and width of f lowpath beneath subsoil (5
17、0 cm) were pronounced for compaction treatment. In general, homogeneous and heterogeneous f lows are two different f low patterns as water infiltration and rainfall events occur, and heterogeneous f low is also regarded as preferential f low. Petersen et al. 76 stated that preferential f low was a p
18、revailing phenomenon in soils, and earthworm channels were the dominating preferential f low pathways in the subsoil below 50 cm. Banaszuk et al. 8 confirmed the impacts of preferen- tial f low pathways during snowmelt period on trans- portation of contaminants in agricultural catchments. To date, a
19、 large number of studies have reported the relationship between contaminants or heavy metal and preferential f low 60. Though there have been an increasing number of studies on the mechanisms and calculating methods of preferential f low 26, 81, 72, promising methods and models that could character-
20、 ize the inf luence of preferential f low at the larger catchment scales are extremely rare. The article deals with the phenomenon of preferen- tial flow and water solution transportation in soils from a pedological perspective. A number of studies demonstrate preferential flow can potentially pose
21、seri- ous problems to the quality of groundwater and surface water bodies. Other studies are included to explain the mechanisms leading to preferential flow in soils, and experimental methods are listed and some models are mentioned. At the end, the authors provide an overview of the research perspe
22、ctives that have been identified from the collected literature. Topics dealing with prefer- ential flow and water quality are of general importance because there are still many unresolved problems. It may indeed be a valuable idea to provide a special review of the progress in the soil-related prefe
23、rential flow research for the applied water science community, and to explain phenomena, observations, processes, models, and parameters, and to identify what is still missing or unresolved to improve predictions of unin- tended groundwater contamination in various soil land- scapes, for land use sy
24、stems, and depending on chang- ing climatic conditions. PREFERENTIAL FLOW OF SOIL: DEFINITION, CONTROLLING FACTORS, TYPES, FEATURES, DEGREE, MECHANISMS, SCALES, METHODOLOGY AND MODELS Definition. Preferential f low could be recognized as encompassing phenomena where water movement and solute transpo
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