STULZ培训(共138张).pptx
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1、空调调原理2022-4-261Air-conditioning systems control the temperature, humidity, and the total air quality in residential, commercial, industrial, and other buildings. 空调系统控制温度,湿度,和住宅,商业,工业和其他建筑物总的空气质空调系统控制温度,湿度,和住宅,商业,工业和其他建筑物总的空气质量量Air-conditioning, and refrigeration systems consist of many mechanical,
2、electrical, and electronic components, such as motors, compressors, pumps, fans, ducts, pipes, thermostats, and switches. 空调,制冷系统有很多机械,电器,和电子元件组成,例如马达,压缩空调,制冷系统有很多机械,电器,和电子元件组成,例如马达,压缩机,泵,风机,风道,管道,恒温器,和开关。机,泵,风机,风道,管道,恒温器,和开关。2022-4-262Technicians must be able to maintain, diagnose, and correct prob
3、lems throughout the entire system.技术人员必须能维护,诊断,和在全部的系统中纠正问题。技术人员必须能维护,诊断,和在全部的系统中纠正问题。After gaining a little experience, many common faults in a refrigeration system can be localised visually, by hearing, by feel, and sometimes by smell. Other faults can only be detected by instruments.在获得一些经验后,许多在制
4、冷系统中的普通故障可以靠听觉,触摸,在获得一些经验后,许多在制冷系统中的普通故障可以靠听觉,触摸,有时靠嗅觉得到真正定位。其他故障可以靠仪器发现。有时靠嗅觉得到真正定位。其他故障可以靠仪器发现。2022-4-263An important element in the fault location procedure is familiarity with how the system is built up, its function and control, both mechanical and electrical.在故障定位的程序中的一个重要组成部分是熟悉该系统如何在故障定位的程序中
5、的一个重要组成部分是熟悉该系统如何建立起来的,其功能和控制,包括机械和电气建立起来的,其功能和控制,包括机械和电气2022-4-264TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS技术说明技术说明2022-4-265Evaporation 蒸发蒸发Term applied to the changing of a liquid to a vapour液体转化成蒸汽的运用的术语液体转化成蒸汽的运用的术语Condensation冷凝冷凝Liquid or droplets which form when a gas or vapour is cooled below its dew point当气体或
6、蒸汽在其露点下冷却形成液体或液滴当气体或蒸汽在其露点下冷却形成液体或液滴Dew Point露点露点Temperature at which vapour begins to condense and deposit as liquid蒸汽开始凝结并形成液体的温度蒸汽开始凝结并形成液体的温度2022-4-266Temperature温度温度Measure of the degree or intensity of heat of the environment or atmosphere测量环境或大气热值的程度或强烈程度测量环境或大气热值的程度或强烈程度Relative Humidity相对湿度
7、相对湿度Ratio of amount of water vapour present in air to greatest amount possible at same temperature空气中的水蒸汽含量与在相同温度下最大含量的百分比空气中的水蒸汽含量与在相同温度下最大含量的百分比2022-4-267Dry Bulb Temperature干球温度干球温度Air temperature as indicated by an ordinary thermometer普通温度计指示的空气温度普通温度计指示的空气温度Wet Bulb Temperature湿球温度湿球温度Relative
8、humidity as indicated by a wet bulb thermometer湿球温度计指示的相对湿度对应的温度湿球温度计指示的相对湿度对应的温度2022-4-2682022-4-2692022-4-2610Dehumidify除湿除湿Removing of water vapour from the environment or atmosphere从环境和大气中的排出水蒸气从环境和大气中的排出水蒸气Humidify加湿加湿Adding of water vapour to the environment or atmosphere向环境和大气中增加水蒸气向环境和大气中增加水
9、蒸气2022-4-2611Sensible Heat焓焓A term used in heating and cooling to indicate any portion of heat which changes only the temperature of the substances involvedor,,Heat that changes the temperature of a substance when added or removed from it在加热和冷却使用的术语,以表明任何部分热的变化,只是物质温度的在加热和冷却使用的术语,以表明任何部分热的变化,只是物质温度的
10、所涉及的当它增加和减少时物质的温度热的变化所涉及的当它增加和减少时物质的温度热的变化2022-4-2612Latent Heat潜热潜热Heat characterised by a change of state of the substance concerned, for a given pressure and always at a constant temperature for a pure substance i.e. heat of vaporisationor,Heat that does not affect the temperature of a substance
11、but changes the state when added or removed from it热的特点是通过热的特点是通过改变实质内容状态而言,对于特定的压力,总是在恒定的温度为一个物改变实质内容状态而言,对于特定的压力,总是在恒定的温度为一个物质即汽化热,不会影响物质温度的热但是当增加或减少会改变物质状态质即汽化热,不会影响物质温度的热但是当增加或减少会改变物质状态2022-4-2613Total Cooling全冷量全冷量 Summation of Sensible and Latent Cooling 显冷和潜冷的总和显冷和潜冷的总和Total Cooling = Sensibl
12、e Cooling + Latent Cooling 全冷量全冷量=显冷显冷+潜冷潜冷2022-4-2614 h, x diagramTotal capacity = latent + sensible capacityEnthalpy hZ1 air entry conditionair exit Z 2Heat exchanger characteristc(idealised)Apparatus dew pointADPLatentcapacity h latSensibleCapacity h sensTotal capacity h tot 2022-4-2615Equipment
13、requirements = Precision air conditioning设备需求设备需求=精密空调精密空调 load of the equipment Cooling capacityCooling capacity冷却能力=Sensible cooling capacity显冷量= no dehumidifcation不除湿=x = constant 恒定=achieved with high air volume !完美的大风量2022-4-2616Equipment Requirements设备要求设备要求 Temperature gain of at least 2K fro
14、m room temperature on the way to return air temperature回风温度从房间温度获得至少2度VDI 2054: 3-4K heat gain ! return air回风回风supply air送风送风heatLoad热负荷热负荷Q2022-4-2617Equipment Requirements设备要求设备要求Design air volume设计风量Reference value approx. 300 m/h per kW参考值大约VL = Air volume m/s风量Q = Heat load kW热负荷rA = Density kg
15、/m密度cpA = Specific heat capacityof air kJ/kgK空气比热DT = Difference between discharge and supplytemperature K送回风温度差return airsupply airheatloadQQ A *CPA*TVL=2022-4-2618Equipment Requirements设备需求设备需求Recommendation for return air建议回风建议回风 24 C ; 45 % r. H.Only reachable by D DT of max. 8 C 仅可获得的最大温差仅可获得的最
16、大温差8度度Return airSupply airHeatloadQand supply conditions:送风情况送风情况 16 C ; 80 % r. H.2022-4-2619Today!现在Rule of Thumb for Typical Load Densities典型负载密度经验方法典型负载密度经验方法2022-4-2620How much Air Volume ?多少风量?多少风量?Low air volume低风量低风量“Right” air volume适合风量适合风量 High air volume高风量高风量Source: Intel2022-4-2621Syst
17、em design cold and hot aisle冷热通道系统设计冷热通道系统设计2022-4-2622Recommended Room Height被推荐的层高被推荐的层高Demands of Your Data Centerinforms:How to Meet “24 by Forever”Establish minimum raised-floor height.确定最低活动地板高度a. 24 (0,61 m) if the cabling is overhead, with no chilled water or condenser water pipes under the
18、floor blocking the airflow.没有冷冻水和冷凝水管在地板下阻挡气流,上走线b. Recommend 30 (0,76 m) to 36(0,92 m) if there are airflow blockages. 如果气流阻塞Establish a maximum clearance of 3 (0,92 m) from the top of the cabinets to the ceiling 确定从机柜顶到天花的最大净空2,0-2,5 m1,0-1,5 m1,5-2,0 m4,5-6,0 m2022-4-2623Air Cooling A matter of a
19、 Defined Air Path (1/3)空冷空冷-空气路径的大约规定空气路径的大约规定SOURCE: ASHRAE - Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling ApplicationsCold Supply Air: Directly into the Room送冷风:直接进入房间Warm Return Air: Through the Room热的回风:通过房间Part of the raised floor must be closed (hot aisle)局部活动地板必须关闭Increase of cooling capacity/e
20、fficiency due to better defined air path由于改善风路增加冷量和效率Still risk of air short circuit (top of Racks, end of rows) Usable in combination with non-19”-stand alone equipment1 tile/rack, 600cfm/tile, 120cfm/kW = 5kW/rack can be removed2022-4-2624Air Cooling A matter of a Defined Air Path (2/3)SOURCE: ASH
21、RAE - Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling ApplicationsCold Supply Air: Directly into the Room直接进入房间Warm Return Air: Through duct and false ceiling通过管道和吊顶Whole raised floor can be used for perforated tiles所有活动地板用于多孔地板No need for front to front layout不需要面对面布局Increased cold air supply to the roo
22、m / rack front area possible增加房间和机架前面适合区域供冷Usable in combination with non-19”-stand alone equipment2 tile/rack, 600cfm/tile, 120cfm/kW = 10kW/rack can be removed2022-4-2625Air Cooling A matter of a Defined Air Path (3/3)SOURCE: ASHRAE - Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling ApplicationsCold Sup
23、ply Air: Directly into the Rack直接进入机架Warm Return Air: Through duct and false ceiling通过风管和吊顶No need for perforated tiles不需多孔地板No need for front to front layout不需面对面布局Usable in combination with non-19”-stand alone equipmentHigh Delta T Cooling (20C) with Blade Servers possible高温差冷却对应刀片服务器e.g. 2000cfm/
24、rack, 100cfm/kW = 20kW/rack can be removed2022-4-2626Raised floor height for up to 1500 W/m活动地板高度最大到活动地板高度最大到Recommendation according to VDI 2054 Air conditioning systems for computer areas2022-4-2627Raised floor design Cables or Air地板设计地板设计-线缆和气流线缆和气流Theory 理论Mostly high temperatures are related to
25、 lack of air distribution -lower set point or more cooling capacity does not cure this problem !大大部分高温与不足气流分布,高度低或增大冷量不解决问部分高温与不足气流分布,高度低或增大冷量不解决问题有关系。题有关系。Reality 现实Demands of Your Data Centerinforms:How to Meet “24 by Forever”Establish minimum raised-floor height.a. 24 (0,61 m) if the cabling is o
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