2022年戴伟栋-新编简明英语语言学教程笔记.docx
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1、精品学习资源戴版语言学Chapter OneIntroductionPart one-What is linguistics.1. Definition-linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.Scientificmeans it is based on the systematic investigationof linguisticdata, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.No Art
2、icle before language in this definition means that linguistics studies language in general.Linguists task: basically study and understand the general principles upon which all languages are built.I nterest of linguists is“ what is said”2. The scopes of linguisticsGeneral linguistics-the study of lan
3、guage as a whole-the core of linguistics Phonetics-the study of sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology-thestudyofhowsounds are puttogetherand used toconveymeanings incommunication.Morphology-thestudy of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax-the study
4、of the rules for sentence formation Semantics-the study of meaning.Pragmatics-the study of meaning in the context of language use.Above are made up of the core of linguisticsSociolinguistics-the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society from the core of the branch.Psychol
5、inguistics-the study of language processing, comprehending and production, as well aslanguage acquisition.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching , especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguis
6、tics.(1) prescriptive vs. descriptiveprescriptive- the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“ correct and standard” behavio using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say.Descriptive-the linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people ac
7、tually use. Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive.(2) Synchronic vs. diachronicSynchronic-the description of a language at some point of time in history.Diachronic-thedescriptionofalanguageas itchanges throughtime-thehistorical development of language over a period of time-another name: historica
8、l linguistics.A synchronic approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one.(3) Speech vs. writingTwo major media of linguistic communication Speech is prior to writing:(1) writing system is always“ invented” by its users to record speech.欢迎下载精品学习资源(2) speech plays a greater role than writing in infor
9、mation conveyance. 3speech is acquired as mother tongue while writing is learned and taught.4speech reveals true features of human speech while writinglanguage is only the “ revised”record of speech.(4) Langue vs. paroleProposed by Swiss linguist-F. de Saussure-sociological view.Purpose: discover th
10、e regularitiesgoverningthe actual use oflanguage and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Langue-theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofsspeech community.-abstract & stable.Parole-the realization of language in actual use-concrete & varied(5) Competence vs. performanceProposed b
11、y American linguist Noam Chomsky-psychological view Purpose: discover and specify the internalized sets of rules.Competence- the ideal user s knowledge of the ruleslaonf ghuisage.Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.(6) Traditional grammar and modern lingu
12、isticsThebeginningofmodernlinguistics-thepublicationofSaussure “s CourseinGeneral Linguistics” in early 20thModern linguistics differs traditional grammar:(1) descriptive vs. prescriptive.(2) spoken language vs. written language.(3) ML doesn t force languages into a La-tbinased framework. Part Two-W
13、hat is language.1. Definition-language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. System-elements of language are combined according to rules.Arbitrary-there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what symbol stands for.Vocal-the primary medium for all l
14、anguage is sound. Human-language is human-specific.2. Design features-proposed by American linguist Charles Hockett.5/12Design features: the defining properties of human language that distinguishit from any animal system of communicationhuman-specific.(1) Arbitrariness-there is no logical connection
15、 between meanings and sounds. Exceptions: Onomatopoeic words and some compound words are not entire arbitrary.(2) Productivity-language is creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretationof new signals by its users-users can produce and understand sentences that they have never
16、 heard before.(3) Duality-anothername: double articulation.Language is a system which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower lever is the structure of meaningless sounds and the higher level is the structure of meaning.-sound & meaning(4) Displacement-language can be used to re
17、fer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past, present, or future, in a faraway places-It doesn t matter how far away the topic is of conversation is in time or space-free from the barriers caused by欢迎下载精品学习资源separation in time and place.(5) Cultural transmissio
18、n-the capacity for language is genetically based while the details of and language system should be taught and learned.-language is passed down from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.3. The functions of language.(1) Informative: The main function of la
19、nguage that when people use language to communicatewith each other, their experience in the real world, record or describe the“ content” of they are actually taking advantage of this function.-the most important function.(2) Interpersonal: people establish and maintain their identity in the society
20、by this function.(3) Performative: this is a function whereby the language influences directly on the reality, such as the sentence of imprisonment by the judge, the naming of a certain ship and the curses as believed by the ancient people.(4) Emotive:this functionis performedby those linguisticelem
21、ents used to express strong feelings, such as exclamatory expressions.(5) Phatic:thisis functionrealizedbythose “ Phaticlanguage ”a,imingtoestablishingaharmonious and intimate relationship among people. Examples in Chinese:吃了 没? in English: Good norning. & A nice day, isn t it.(6) Recreational: This
22、 function means that sometimes people may enjoy language for languagesake, i.e. no using language in any practical purposes, such as tongue- twisters and children s babbles and chanter s chanting.(7) Metalingual: people may use language to talk about, explain or even change language itself.This is t
23、he metalingual function of language. For example, we may use “ book ”to refer to theexisting object in the real world, and yet may also use“ the word book” to stand by the conce“ book ” as embodied in language.Chapter 2: PhonologyPart One: The phonic Medium of LanguageLinguists concern only with the
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