004《经济学家》读译参考之四:一个关乎标准的问题烟草公司日子不好过.doc
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1、【精品文档】如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流004经济学家读译参考之四:一个关乎标准的问题烟草公司日子不好过.精品文档.TEXT 4 A question of standards一个关乎标准的问题Feb 9th 2006From The Economist Global Agenda More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies. Maybe也许,烟草公司对那些不良行为应多提点建议ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco compan
2、ies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil. In a paper just published in the Lancet, with the provocative title “Secret science: tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity”, David Hammond, of *Waterloo University1 in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard,
3、two members of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, a lobby group, criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT). They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to (1)make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine
4、levels to smokers.烟草公司与那些视其为“魔鬼之子”的人之间刚刚又进行了新一轮的交锋。新近出版的柳叶刀刊登了一篇题目颇具煽动性的论文秘密科研烟草业开展对吸烟行为和香烟毒性的研究,作者是加拿大沃特鲁大学的戴维哈蒙德以及加拿大一个名为“无烟加拿大医师”游说团的两名成员尼尔科里肖和辛西娅加拉德。他们对英美烟草公司的行为提出了批评,称该公司拟对某些烟草产品进行处理,企图让监督部门误以为其焦油含量低,而实际上这些产品仍会使得烟民吸收高浓度的焦油和尼古丁。It was and is no secret, as BAT points out, that people smoke low-ta
5、r cigarettes differently from high-tar ones. The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains. They therefore *pull2 a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they *draw on3 a low-tar rather than a high-tar variety. (2)The extra volume makes up for the
6、lower concentration of the drug.正如英美烟草公司所指出,人们吸低焦油含量香烟的感觉不同于高焦油含量香烟,这在过去和现在都不是什么秘密。这是因为他们需要烟草中含有适量尼古丁,抽低焦油品种的香烟时所吸入的空气含量也因此比抽高焦油品种的香烟时高,(译者注:也就是说,尼古丁含量过高,烟就很难吸,不容易抽得动。)而这高出来的空气含量也弥补了瘾性物质(尼古丁)的不足。But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In pa
7、rticular, a bigger draw is generally a faster draw. (3)That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may
8、change, too, with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.不过,一支点燃的卷烟可是一个复杂的玩意儿,并且空气量增加也会带来意想不到的结果,特别是当我们大口吸烟时往往会很快抽完一支烟,此时所吸入的空气更多来自于燃烧的烟草而非卷烟纸侧。因而,这就意味着每多吸一口空气,就会多吸一口焦油和尼古丁。多数尼古丁都以一种易被人体吸收的形式存在,因此尼古丁的性质也可能发生改变。According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues, a series of studies co
9、nducted by BATs researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this. The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke, as *laid down4 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases, uses a machine to make 35-milli
10、litre puffs, drawn for two seconds once a minute. The firms researchers, by contrast, found that real smokers draw 50-70ml per puff, and do so twice a minute. (4)Dr Hammondss conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements th
11、at have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States. 据哈蒙德医生及其同事们称,英美烟草公司的研究员已于1972年到1994年间通过一系列研究对上述大部分问题进行了定量检测。卷烟烟尘分析的标准方法,是由国际标准化组织(ISO,该组织可对包括计算机代码和温室气体在内的所有问题作出规定)制定的,此法利用一台机器喷发出35毫升的烟雾,受试者每分钟吸一次、每次持续2秒即可吸完。以此为对照,英美公司研究员发现,真正的烟民每分钟
12、2次即可吸完50至70毫升烟雾。哈蒙德医生是从烟草业提供的大量文献中得出这一结论的。过去几年烟草业与美国当局一直僵持不下,遂签署了各类法律协议。作为其中的一项内容,烟草业被迫拱手交出这些文献。Dr Hammond suggests, however, the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked. A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying
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