英美文学重要笔记,精华版,流泪推荐!.doc
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1、英美文学重要笔记,精华版,流泪推荐! Old English 450-1066 Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century Geoffrey Chaucer - the father of English poetryfirst time to use heroic couplet The Renaissance - rebirth or revival Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being to suffer or to take action S
2、oliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters Francis Bacon - brevity, compactness he wrote for the school paper and literary magazi
3、nes; he participated in sports. And Hemingway often went hunting and fishing with his father or his friends on the lake near Charlevoix,Michigan,which provided him with materials that he drew on for some of his best writing . However,he was not comfortable with the polite,effete,but curiously materi
4、alistic culture of his time. After high school, he left home for Kansas City and worked as a reporter. Kuring World War I he served as an honorable junior officer in the American Red Cross Ambulance Corps and in 1918 was severely wounded in both legs. After the war, he went to Paris as a foreign rep
5、orter,employed by The Toronto Star. Influenced and guided by Sherwood Anderson,Stephen Crane and Gertrude Stein,he became a writer and began to attract attention. Later he actively participated in the Spanish Civil War and World War II . In 1954, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. In 196
6、1, in ill health, anxiety and deep depression, Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun. Greatly and permanently affected by the war experiences, Hemingway formed his own writing style, together with his theme and hero . In Our Time (1925) is the first book to present a Hemingway hero-Nick Adams. I
7、t was truly the start of everything that he was going to do. The great part of the book traces in separate, but thematically related,short stories the growth of a young man called Nick Adams from his childhood in the Michigan woods to his return as a war veteran. Exposed to and victimized by violenc
8、e in various forms, Nick becomes the prototype of the wounded hero who, with all the dignity and courage he could muster, confronts situations which are not of his own choosing yet threaten his destruction. Also in this book, Hemingway sought to endow prose with the density of poetry, making each im
9、age , each scene, and each rendered act serve several purposes.The Sun Also Rises (1926) is Hemingways first true novel . It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,“a group of young Americans who left
10、their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.The young expatriates in this novel are a group of wandering, amusing ,but aimless people, who are caught in the war and removed from the path of ordinary life. In this novel the
11、Hemingway Code hero is exemplified in different versions. Hemingways second big success is A Farewell to Arms (1929),which wrote the epitaph to a decade and to the whole generation in the 1920s in telling us a story about the tratgic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse. Fr
12、ederick Henry represents the experience of a whole nation,who is wounded in war and disillusioned with the insanity and futility of the universe. He deserts the army and flees with Catherine to Switzerland,where they bielieve they could find some peace by disengaging themselves from society so as to
13、 concentrate on the intensity of their emotional life. But what they share ,instead, is the sense of doom. in this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally,but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either Gods de
14、sign or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped. For Whom the Bell Tolls(1940) and The Old Man and the Sea (1952) tell more about the later Hemingway. For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingways career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer Ame
15、rican guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War. Although fully aware of the doomed failure of his struggle,he keeps on striving because it is a cause of freedom and democracy.In the end, the manner of his dying convinces people that life is worth living and there are causes worth dy
16、ing for. The Old Man and the Sea is a triumph,a tender fulfillment of the affirmative attitude that makes its first successful appearance in For Whom the Bell Tolls. Capping his career and leading to his receipt of the Nobel Prize,this short novel is about an old Cuban fisherman Santiago and his los
17、ing battle with a giant marlin. In a tragic sense ,it is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which only a partial victory is possible. Nevertheless,there is a feeling of great respect for the struggle and mankind. Other works by Hemingway contribute to his
18、success as a major literary figure in the twentieth century,too.Men Without Women(1927)is a collection of short stories,the best of which are “The Undefeated,“The Killers,“ and “Fifty Grand,“ known for the Hemingway hero of athletic prowess and masculinity and unyielding heroism. In Death in the Aft
19、ernoon(1932) Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bullfight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy. The Green Hills of Africa (1935)is about how the writer can survive against the threats to his talents of genteel traditions in America:success,money ,and dome
20、stic entangtlements;The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1936) tells a brilliant short story about a mortally wounded American writer who attempts to redeem his imagination from the corrosions of wealth and domestic strife. To Have and Have Not (1937) is one or many to show Hemingways characteristic pattern of
21、 a lonely individual struggling against nature and the environment. Hemingways world is limited. He deals with a limited range of characters in quite similar circumstances and measures them against an unvarying code ,known as “grace under pressure,“which is actually an attitude towards life that Hem
22、ingway had been trying to demonstrate in his works. Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes. In the general situation of his novels,life is full of tension and battles; the worls is in chaos;man is a
23、lways fighting desperately a losing battle. However,though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity; man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually. Obviously ,Hemingways limited fictional world implies a much broader them
24、atic pattern and serous philosophical concern.And this concern,closely connected with the code,even has the resonance that has come to mark his prose style . Hemingway himself once said,“The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one -eighth of it being above water.“ Typical of this “icebe
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