Love-is-a-Fallacy谬论.ppt
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1、Love is a FallacyLove is a FallacyWhat is a fallacy?nA fallacy is the use of poor, or invalid reasoning for the construction of an argument. It is also used to refer to an argument which appears to be correct but is not. nAn argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion
2、. nAn argument has two components: a conclusion and certain premises.nThe conclusion is said to be drawn or inferred from the premises. nAn argument is deductively valid when its premises provide evidence for the conclusion. nAn argument that fails to be conclusively deduced is invalid, it is said t
3、o be fallacious.ArgumentLogic Fallaciesn1. Dicto Simpliciter(绝对判断)n2. Hasty Generalization(轻率归纳)n3. Post Hoc(错误因果)n4. Contradictory Premises(矛盾前提)1. Dicto SimpliciternPolly, I said gently, the argument is a fallacy. Exercise is good is an unqualified generalization. For instance, if you have heart d
4、isease, exercise is bad, not good. Many people are ordered by their doctors not to exercise. You must qualify the generalization. You must say exercise is usually good, or exercise is good for most people. Otherwise you have committed a Dicto Simpliciter. Do you see? 1. Dicto Simpliciter (绝对判断) Dict
5、o Simpliciter is an argument based on an unqualified generalization. The argument applies a general rule to a particular case in which some special circumstances make the rule inapplicable. ExamplesnWomen are on average not as strong as men and less able to perform well politically. Therefore, women
6、 cant pull their weight in government work.n虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。nJapanese waged a war to Chinese, which had nothing to do with humanity but everything to do with aggression. Therefore every Japanese is guilty and should be condemned.n虽然日本侵华的邪恶战争任历历在目,但并不是所有的日本人都有罪,都应该受到谴责。2. Hasty Ge
7、neralizationnNext we take up a fallacy called Hasty Generalization. Listen carefully: You cant speak French. Petey Burch cant speak French. I must therefore conclude that nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak French. nReally? said Polly, amazed. Nobody? nI hid my exasperation. Polly, its a
8、 fallacy. The generalization is reached too hastily. There are too few instance to support such a conclusion. n2. Hasty Generalization(轻率归纳)nHasty generalization is a fallacy in which a conclusion is not logically justified by sufficient or unbiased evidence.nA hasty generalization always proceeds f
9、rom the particular to the general.Hasty GeneralizationnIts pattern: X is true for A. X is true for B. X is true for C. X is true for D. Therefore, X is true for E, F, G, etc.Example Mike failed biology exam. Jane failed biology exam. Maria failed biology exam. Therefore,I conclude that most students
10、 who take biology exam will fail it.Analysis nIn understanding and characterizing general situations, a logician cannot normally examine every single example. However, the examples used in inductive reasoning should be typical of the problem or situation at hand. Maybe Mike, Jane, and Maria are exce
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