Sсiеntifiс+Аmеricаn-2019-03 (1).pdf
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1、PLUS UNDISCOVERED ILLNESS The opposite of depression PAGE 36 TOOL USE IN MONKEYS Archaeologys surprising finds PAGE 64 WEATHER AMPLIFIER Weird atmospheric waves cause heat waves and floods PAGE 42 PAGE 58 2019 Scientific American ScientificA MARCH 2019 Inside the densest objects in the universe WHY
2、WE BELIEVE CONSPIRACY THEORIES THE INNER LIVES OF NEUTRON STARS March 2019, ScientificA 1 ON THE COVER Neutron stars form when stars of certain masses die in supernova explosions, leaving behind dense remnants made mostly of neutrons. Inside these remnants, the neutrons themselves may break down, or
3、 they might form a friction less “superfluid.” New experiments should help scientists sort through the possibilities. Illustration by FOREAL. MaRCH 2019 VOLUME 320, NUMBER 3 JOSH EDELSON Getty Images 42 ASTROPHYSICS 24 The Inner Lives of Neutron Stars What is inside these odd little starsthe densest
4、 objects in the universehas long been one of the greatest mysteries in space. Thanks to new experiments, it is a mystery that scientists are starting to crack. By Clara Moskowitz ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 30 The Orcas Sorrow A spate of new observations of grief in animals is providing insight into why some sp
5、ecies mourn and others do not. By Barbara J. King PSYCHIATRY 36 The Undiscovered Illness Hundreds of thousands of people experience mania without ever getting depressed. Why does psychiatry insist on calling them bipolar? By Simon Makin CLIMATE 42 The Weather Amplifier Strange waves in the jet strea
6、m foretell a future full of heat waves and floods. By Michael E. Mann BIOLOGY 50 Untangling the Genome New discoveries on ancient loops in DNA offer clues into gene regu lation. By Erez Lieberman Aiden PSYCHOLOGY 58 Why We Believe Conspiracy Theories Baseless theories threaten our safety and democra
7、cy. It turns out that specific emotions make people prone to such thinking. By Melinda Wenner Moyer ARCHAEOLOGY 64 The Other Tool Users Excavations of stone tools left behind by nonhuman primates are illuminating the origins of technological innovation. By Michael Haslam 2019 Scientific american 2 S
8、cientific American, March 2019 Scientific American (ISSN 0036-8733), Volume 320, Number 3, March 2019, published monthly by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc., 1 New York Plaza, Suite 4600, New York, N.Y. 10004-1562. Periodicals postage paid at New York, N.Y., and at ad
9、ditional mailing offices. Canada Post International Publications Mail (Canadian Distribution) Sales Agreement No. 40012504. Canadian BN No. 127387652RT; TVQ1218059275 TQ0001. Publication Mail Agreement #40012504. Return undeliverable mail to Scientific American, P.O. Box 819, Stn Main, Markham, ON L
10、3P 8A2. Individual Subscription rates: 1 year $49.99 (USD), Canada $59.99 (USD), International $69.99 (USD). Institutional Subscription rates: Schools and Public Libraries: 1 year $84 (USD), Canada $89 (USD), International $96 (USD). Businesses and Colleges/Universities: 1 year $399 (USD), Canada $4
11、05 (USD), International $411 (USD). Postmaster: Send address changes to Scientific American, Box 3187, Harlan, Iowa 51537. Reprints inquiries: (212) 451-8415. To request single copies or back issues, call (800) 333-1199. Subscription inquiries: U.S. and Canada (800) 333-1199; other (515) 248-7684. S
12、end e-mail to scacustserv. Printed in U.S.A. Copyright 2019 by Scientific American, a division of Springer Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be f
13、ound at Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Revisiting Fukushima Scientific American looks a
14、t the legacy of the Fukushima nuclear disaster of March 11, 2011, and the science still being done to grapple with its continuing effects. Go to www.ScientificA ON THE WEB 3 From the Editor 4 Letters 6 Science Agenda Autonomous robots that kill may threaten civilians and soldiers alike. By the Edito
15、rs 7 Forum Genomic studies need diversity to make medicine precise. By Jonas Korlach 8 Advances How a warming planet is making humans sick. Wasps turn spiders into zombies. Einstein was right about gravity. Drunk witnesses remember more than we think. 20 The Science of Health Why body parts such as
16、the appendix and tonsils arent truly expendable. By Claudia Wallis 22 Ventures Technology can make beautiful music. By Wade Roush 72 Recommended The art of anatomy gives life to extinct hominins. Ein steins first wifes contribution to physics. Why do hu mans regard humans as special? By Andrea Gawry
17、lewski 73 The Intersection Too much data can stymie our decisionmaking. By Zeynep Tufekci 74 Anti Gravity Evidence for parachute intervention. By Steve Mirsky 75 50, 100 the rich were few and were not so obscenely wealthy, and most important, the middle class was dominant. In 1981, shortly after tak
18、ing office, Ronald Reagan slashed the top brackets rate to 50 percent and then, in 1986, to 28 percenta tremendous wind fall for the rich that continues un abated (todays top rate is 37 percent on income exceeding $500,000). One has only to look at Stiglitzs graphs, in which everything takes a turn
19、for the worse after 1980, to see how our current tax code lines the pockets of the rich and steadily erodes the middle class. We either return to a progressive tax policy or con tinue the descent into plutocracy. R. C. Gibson Irvine, Calif. I agree with the points that Stiglitz (who is my former pro
20、fessor) makes about the causes of inequality, as well as those that James K. Boyce makes about the links be tween environmental degradation and inequality in “The Environmental Cost of Inequality” The Science of Inequality. But Stiglitzs list of needed policy changes falls short, as does Boyces reli
21、ance on en vironmental activists to save flora, fauna and natural resources. We know that the problems with slav ery would not have been fixed simply by calling for more regulation and stiffer penalties. Our laws today ensure that a few can claim excessive wealth and pow er. By what right do those o
22、wning firms have the power to decide how the in come and wealth generated by the talent and labor of many are used? Stakehold ersemployees, customers, the commu nities affected by a companys decisions have rights that require greater recogni tion. Stakeholders interests should be rep resented on the
23、 boards of big firms. Those with revenues exceeding $1 billion should be required to have a national charter that would lay out obligations and penalties. Where would the power to institute such changes originate? My fellow econo mists are very reluctant to talk about poli tical parties, yet we want
24、 to influence po litical platforms. We can at least begin to identify not only where the public interest lies but also what kind of political group is most likely to represent those interests. Marianne Hill South Portland, Me. REDISTRICT JUDGE In “Geometry v. Gerrymandering,” Moon Duchin describes m
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