专题八(段落).ppt
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1、专题八文章段落的写作专题八文章段落的写作段落是文章的基本单位。段落一般是由主题句(topic sentence)、扩展句 (supporting sentence)和结论句 (concluding sentence)构成的。一、主题句主题句表达段落主题,概括段落的中心思想,是段落组成的依据,全段其他文字都要围绕它展开。主题句通常放在段落的开端,其特点是开门见山地提出话题或问题,然后加以详细演绎或说明;其作用是使文章的观点更显豁,结构更清晰,便于读者迅速地把握主题和预测全段的内容。主题句有时位于段落中间,起着承上启下的作用;有时置于段末,起着概括全段的作用;也有时含而不露,隐藏在字里行间。将主题
2、句放在段首的写作方法最常见,更易于掌握,所以考生应尽量采用这种方法。主题句的句子结构和思想内容必须完整、具体、鲜明,要避免不完整(incomplete),不清楚(unclear),过于笼统(general),应注意以下几点:归纳出你要写的文章的几个要点;提炼出一句具有概括性的话;主题句应具有可读性,能吸引读者。下面是作文题目为The Advantages of Travel其中一段的主题句。试比较一下哪一句更好:Enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places.(不完整)To travel, one needs to know something
3、about it.(不清楚)By travelling one enjoys a lot.(太笼统)By travelling one can enjoy the beautiful scenery in different places.(较好)二、扩展句主题句确定之后,接下来就是段落的发展,即如何运用扩展句来展开主题。段落的发展有如下几种方法:1. 列举法(details)列举法就是通过列举一系列的论据对主题句中的论点进行陈述或解析的方法。常用于列举法的过渡连接词有:first, second, also, finally, one, another, still another, for
4、 one thingfor another, to begin with, on one handon the other hand, besides, moreover等。2. 举例法(examples)举例法就是通过具体的事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容。常用的连接词有:for example, for instance, furthermore, in addition, to illustrate, one example is 3. 因果法(cause and effect)在阐述某一现象的段落中,常采用因果分析法,根据事物发生的原因推理其结果,或根据结果分析其原因。表原因的连接词有:b
5、ecause of, owing to, due to, result from, because, since, as 等;表结果的连接词有:therefore, as a result (of), consequently, accordingly, so 等。4. 比较或对照法(comparison and contrast)比较或对照法就是通过将同类事物的相似点或不同点进行比较分析来支持主题句的观点。常见的表示相同的连接词有:similarly, similar to, like, in common, in the same way等;表示不同的连接词有:compared with,
6、 differ from, be different from, on the other hand, on the contrary, unlike, however, whereas, while 等。5. 分类法(classification)在阐述某一概念的段落中,常用分类法。通过对事物进行分门别类,分别加以叙述,使读者对主题有更为清晰的认知。常用词语有:divideinto, classifyinto, group, kind, type, sort, category 等。6. 叙述法(narration)叙述法就是按照事物本身的时间或空间顺序,有层次分步骤地来表达主题。常用的过渡
7、连接词有:first, in the beginning, at the beginning of, to start with, to begin with, then, and then, after that, later, afterwards, in the end, finally 等。三、结论句结论句位于全段的末尾,是对全段的内容进行总结、归纳或提出结论性观点的句子。它不仅仅是重复主题句提出的段落主题,还可以进一步强调段落的中心思想,以引起读者的重视和回味。在撰写时,结论句的结构形式没有必要与主题句保持一致,但所表达的内容必须要和主题句的意义保持一致,不能相互矛盾。当然,并非每个
8、段落都需要结论句,对于一些描述性段落就没有必要使用。用于总结的常用连接词有:on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short等。即时巩固1. 分析下面各段文章的结构,指出主题句、扩展句和结论句。(1)Our class held a meeting with regard to the problem of whether to help the old men up when they fall down, during wh
9、ich classmates gave their comments. The results are as follows.Some classmates are in favor of helping the old up. As for them, it is our traditional virtue to be ready to help those in trouble. Besides, to care for others is of great importance for people to live in harmony with each other. Others
10、hold different opinions. They are afraid that by doing so they may be misunderstood and ask for trouble. Lack of first aid knowledge also plays a great part, because they are worried that they may be more of a hindrance (阻碍) than a help.In my opinion, we should help up the old men who fall down and
11、cannot get up. People should learn to help others. To care for others will in turn help ourselves. Key: 1. (1)主题句是;扩展句是;结论句是(2)As one of the most important organs of our body, an ear enables us to hear a variety of beautiful sounds from the outside world, especially music, which brings us a lot of p
12、leasure. Besides, with the help of ears, we can sense any potential dangers earlier. Whats more, its almost impossible for us to communicate with others if ears are seriously damaged. Therefore, protecting our ears means loving our lives.As for protecting our ears, removing wax from ears regularly i
13、s recommended. Additionally, proper measures are supposed to be taken to protect our ears from the sunburn, cold and water if necessary. Try to avoid the long use of earphones or headphones, as they may do great harm to our hearing in the long term.From my point of view, on Ear-Care Day special lect
14、ures should be given to publicize knowledge on the protection of ears, making everyone aware of the importance. Cherish our hearing and we are bound to enjoy a more colorful life.Key: (2)主题句是;扩展句是;结论句是 2. 用恰当的主题句和扩展句补全短文。As is known to all, no one can avoid difficulties. So everyone needs others hel
15、p. However, _(很遗憾有些人不愿提供帮助) to people in trouble. I have had such experiences. Sometimes when I _(算不出数学题来) and turn to my classmates, they often refuse me, _(这让我很是恼火). In fact, I think they might have problems that I know how to work out. If they are willing to help me, _(我会很乐意帮助他们的). Otherwise, I m
16、ay refuse them too.Thats why an old saying goes like this:_(帮助他人就是帮助自己). I hope everyone should be unselfish and do whatever they can to help others. Only in this way _(我们才能相互帮助并相互提高)Key: 2. it is a pity that some people wont offer their help cant work out a math problemwhich makes me annoyed I will
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