Chapter-7-Agriculture-Agreement.ppt
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1、Content pIntroduction pBasic principles on agricultural productspSpecific commitments relative to trade of agricultural productspSpecial safeguard measures of agricultural products pCase 1.Introduction pThe volume of world agriculture exports has substantially 大体上increased over recent decades.pAgric
2、ultural trade remains in many countries an important part of overall economic activity and continues to play a major role in domestic agricultural production and employment.pAlthough agriculture has always been covered by the GATT, prior to WTO there were several important differences with respect t
3、o关于 the rules that applied to agricultural primary products as opposed to industrial products.pIn the aftermath余波 of the second world war, many governments were concerned primarily with increasing domestic agricultural productions so as to feed their growing populations.pIn the lead-up to the Urugua
4、y Round乌拉圭回合 negotiations, the causes起因 of disarray混乱 in world agriculture went beyond超越 import access problems which has been the traditional focus of GATT negotiations. pThe agricultural negotiations in the Uruguay Round were by no means绝不 easy.pThe agreement on agriculture and the agreement on th
5、e application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures 卫生与动植物检疫措施were negotiated in parallel并列的.pThe WTOs agriculture agreement was negotiated in the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round and came into force生效 on January 1, 1995. pThe Uruguay Round produced the first “multilateral agreement” dedicated to the sector
6、.pIt was a significant first step towards order, fair competition and a less distorted sector. Relationship with other WTO agreementspIn principle, all WTO agreements and understandings谅解,协议 on trade in goods apply to agriculture. pHowever, where there is any conflict between these agreements and th
7、e agreement on agriculture, the provisions of the agreement on agriculture prevail.Product coverage pThe agreement defines in its Annex 1 agriculture products by reference to the HS of product classification.pThe definition covers not only basic agricultural products such as wheat and animals, but a
8、lso the products derived from them such as bread, butter and meat, as well as all processed加工的加工的 agricultural products such as chocolate and sausages香肠.pFish and fish products are not includes, nor are the forestry林业林业 products.Rules and commitmentspThe agreement on agriculture establishes a number
9、 of generally applicable rules with regard to trade-related agricultural measures, primarily in the areas of market assess市场准入市场准入, domestic support 国内支持国内支持and export competition出口竞争出口竞争.pThese rules related to country-specific国别的 commitments are contained in the individual country schedules of the
10、 WTO members.Implementation periodpThe implementation period for the country-specific commitments is the six-year period commencing开始 in 1995.pHowever, developing countries have the flexibility to implement commitments over a period up to 10.pThe Uruguay Round agreement included a commitment to cont
11、inue the reform through new negotiations. These were launched in 2000, as required by the Agriculture Agreement.Committee on agriculture pThe agreement established a committee委员会 on agriculture.pThe committee usually meets four times per year. Special meetings can be convened召集 if necessary.pAgreeme
12、nt on Agriculture is divided into 13 parts, 21 articles and 5 annexes.2. Basic principles on agricultural productspEstablish a fair and market-oriented 以市场为导向的agricultural trading system.pProvide for substantial progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection, correct and prevent restr
13、ictions and distortions扭曲 in world agricultural markets.pAchieve specific binding有约束力的 commitments in the area of market assess, domestic support and export competition.pProvide for a greater较大的 improvement of opportunities and term of assess for agricultural products of particular interest to devel
14、oping countries.pPertinent 相关的commitments should be made in an equitable公平的 way among all members, having regard to non-trade concerns非贸易关注, including food security and the need to protect the environment and to special and differential差别 treatment for developing countries.3.Specific commitments rel
15、ative to trade of agricultural productspThe original GATT did apply to agricultural trade, but it contained loopholes漏洞. pFor example, it allowed countries to use some non-tariff measures such as import quotas, and to subsidize. Agricultural trade became highly distorted扭曲的, especially with the use
16、of export subsidies which would not normally have been allowed for industrial products. 3.1 The Agriculture Agreement: new rules and commitmentspThe objective 目标of the Agriculture Agreement is to reform trade in the sector and to make policies more market-oriented. This would improve predictability可
17、预测性的 and security for importing and exporting countries alike.pThe new rules and commitments apply to: market access市场准入市场准入 various trade restrictions confronting imports domestic support subsidies and other programmes, including those that raise or guarantee farmgate prices and farmers incomes exp
18、ort subsidies and other methods used to make exports artificially人为地 competitive. 3.2 Market access: tariffs only, pleasepThe new rule for market access in agricultural products is “tariffs only”. pBefore the Uruguay Round, some agricultural imports were restricted by quotas and other non-tariff mea
19、sures. These have been replaced by tariffs that provide more-or-less equivalent levels of protection.pIf the previous policy meant domestic prices were 75% higher than world prices, then the new tariff could be around 75%. p“Tariffication关税化”: Converting the quotas and other types of measures to tar
20、iffs in this way pThe newly committed受约束的p tariffs and tariff quotas, covering all agricultural products, took effect in 1995. pUruguay Round participants agreed that developed countries would cut the tariffs (the higher out-of-quota rates in the case of tariff-quotas) by an average of 36%, in equal
21、 steps over six years.pDeveloping countries would make 24% cuts over 10 years. pLeast-developed countries do not have to cut their tariffs. (These figures do not actually appear in the Agriculture Agreement. Participants used them to prepare their schedules i.e. lists of commitments. It is the commi
22、tments listed in the schedules that are legally binding.)pFor products whose non-tariff restrictions have been converted to tariffs, governments are allowed to take special emergency actions (“special safeguards”) in order to prevent swiftly很快的 falling prices or surges in imports from hurting their
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