初级中学英语语法资料(含讲义与练习进步题).doc

.\ 第一讲 名词和冠词 一 名词： 世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词 专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。 （专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写） ① 表示人： Yang Liwei 杨利伟 Alice 爱丽丝 ② 表示事物： the Changjiang River 长江 December 十二月 ③ 表示地名： Macao 澳门 New York 纽约 ④ 表示节日: Christmas Day 圣诞节 Children’s Day 儿童节 ⑤ 表示机构： WTO 世界贸易组织 the University of London 伦敦大学 普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。 类 别 定 义 例 词 普 通 名 词 可 数 名 词 个体名词 用来指单个人或者事物的名词。 taxi 出租车scientist 科学家 computer 电脑 集体名词 用来指一群人或一些事物总称的名词。 army 军队 police 警察 family 警察 class 班级 不 可 数 名 词 物质名词 用来指无法分为个体的物质，材料的名词。 water 水 wind 风 glass 玻璃 steel 钢铁 抽象名词 用来指人或事物的品质，情感，状态或动作等抽象概念的名词。 honesty 诚实 love 热爱 silence 安静 life 生活 （一）名词的单复数形式： 可数名词的单复数形式 1. 规则变化 构成法 例 一般情况在词尾加-s shop-shops desk-desks 以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词，在词尾加-es bus-buses box-boxes watch-watches brush--brushes 以ce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词直接加-s face-faces house-houses page—pages 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，y 变成i再加-es baby—babies city—cities factory—factories story--stories 以辅音字母+o结尾的词，多数在词尾加-es tomato—tomatoes hero—heroes potato—potatoes 以元音字母+o结尾的词和某些以o结尾的外来词，加-s radio—radios photo—photos piano—pianos zoo--zoos 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f或fe为v,加-es,少数不变，只在词尾加-s life—lives knife—knives wife—wives roof—roofs 2. 不规则变化 ⑴ 名词复数的特殊形式 man—men, woman—women, policeman—policemen, Englishman—Englishmen, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, child—children, German—Germans ⑵ 有些名词的单复数形式同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish ⑶ 合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式 girl student—girl students pencil-box—pencil-boxes ⑷ 由man和woman 构成的合成词，全部变成复数 man doctor—men doctors woman teacher ---women teachers ⑸ 只有复数的名词 trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people, scissors, chopsticks ⑹ 不可数名词的数量表达 a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 课堂练习： A组：选择最佳答案 1. Mrs. Lenny gave us ______________ on how to learn English well. A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If these trousers are too big, buy a small _______________ A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of __________ are talking about two ______________ A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; Frenchmans C) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. ---What would you like to drink, girls? ---______________, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cups of coffees D) two cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _____________________ A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers 6. We needn’t buy any __________. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many ___________ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milks D) glasses of milk 8. I think maths ______________ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two __________ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. I’m thirsty, please make _________ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B组：用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I have two _________________(knife). 2. They come from different _________________(country). 3. The _________(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice ___________(photo). Let me show you some of them. 5. How many ___________(foot) does a cat have? 6. There are many ___________(bus) on the road. 7. Look at the picture, a lion is running after a group of _____________(deer). 8. Here is a birthday card for you with our best _____(wish). 9. Changjiang River is one of the longest ______________(river) in China. 10. The students in Class 1 are all __________________(Japan). C 组：判断对错 1. A: My glasses is broken. ( ) B: My glasses are broken. ( ) 2. A: I want to buy two pairs of shoes. ( ) B: I want to buy two shoes. ( ) 3. A: I need a few ink. ( ). B: I need a little ink. ( ) 4. A: Don’t eat too much meat. ( ) B: Don’t eat too much meats. ( ) 5. A: May I borrow two radioes? ( ) B: May I borrow two radios? ( ) (二) 名词所有格：表示名词所属关系的一种形式 1. 单数名词的所有格，只需在词尾加’s Jim’s sister Lucy’s pen 2. 以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，只加’ the students’ book Teachers’ Day 3. 不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，应加’s Children’s Day Women’s Day 4. 表示几个人共有的东西，只需要在最后一个人的名词后面加’s, Lucy and Lily’s bedroom 5. 表示各自所有的， 则每个名词都加’s Lucy’s and Lily’s desks 6. 名词所有格常用省略式， 省去被名词所有格修饰的名词 at the doctor’s 7. “of+ 名词所有格”，通常作后置定语，这种结构通常指整体中的部分或一个 a friend of my father’s the window of the room A组： 选择最佳答案 1. Tony’s car is more beautiful than _______________________. A) his brother’s and sister B) his brother and sister C) his brothers and sisters D) his brother and sister’s 2. ---How long does it take to get to the station? ---It’s ____________ walk. A) six minute’s B) six-minutes C) six minutes’ D) six minutes 3. These are _____________ bikes. A) Jin and Sam’s B) Jim’s and Sam C) Jim and Sam D) Jim’s and Sam’s 4. Twelve __________ were hurt, but no __________ were lost in the accident. A) person; life B) people; lives C) peoples; lives D) persons; life 5. There’s something important in _________________. A) paper of today B) today newspaper’s C) today newspaper D) today’s newspaper 6. Miss Smith is a friend of _______________ A) Mary’s mother’s B) Mary’s mother C) Mary mother’s D) mother’s of Mary 7. Joan is _____________ sister. A) Mary and Jack B) Mary’s and Jack’s C) Mary’s and Jack D) Mary and Jack’s 8. I will give you __________ to finish it. A) two week’s time B) two week time C) two weeks’ time D) two weeks time 9. This is not your radio, but __________________ A) yours brother B) your brother’s C) you brother’s D) yours brother’s 10. My school is about twenty __________ walk from here? A)minute B) minutes’ C) minute’s D) minutes 二 冠词 ： 英语中名词前常会出现a,an或the这三个词，用来说明名词所表示的人或事物，冠词是虚词，是名词的一种标志，它不能脱离名词独立存在，不能单独作句子成分。 （一）不定冠词 a; an 1. 不定冠词表示数量中的“一个”，但是数的概念没有one强烈。修饰单数可数名词。 用来指人或物中的某一个或某一类，但不具体说明何人何物。a 用在辅音因素开头的词前， a pen, a useful book; an用在以元音因素开头的词前，an apple, an hour, an honest boy 2. 用在某些固定的短语中： in a minute, for a walk, have a good time, have a look等 （二）定冠词的用法 1. 特指说话双方都知道的人或事物。 Look at the blackboard. 2. 用在表示宇宙中独一无二的事物的名词前。 the sun, the moon, the earth 3. 对前面已提到过的人或事物，第二次提到时加定冠词，用以表示特指。 I found a picture in the box. The picture was very beautiful. 4. 用在序数词或形容词最高级前。 They live on the tenth floor. 5. 用在某些形容词前，表示“一类人” the old, the young, the poor, the rich, the deaf, the blind 6. 用在乐器名称前 play the violin play the piano 7. 在姓氏的复数形式之前，表示一家人 the Smiths the Lis 8. 用在方位词前 9. 用在表示海洋，河流，山脉，群岛及国家和党派等名词前 10. 用在某些固定的词组中 in the morning in the open air (三) 不用冠词的情况 1. 某些专有名词前 China, Class Four, 2. 在球类运动名称和三餐饭前面，一般不用冠词 have lunch, play football 3. 在季节，日期，星期，节日和学科的名称前，不用冠词 in spring, in June, on Monday 4. 在不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）前面， 一般不用冠词 We have all played with snow and ice. 5. 名词前面已经作定语用的 this, these, that, those, my, their, your, his, some, many 等词时，常常不用冠词。 her pocket, this handbag, some pizza 6. 一些习惯用法和固定短语中， 常不用冠词 in bed, after school, by bus 课堂练习： A组：选择最佳答案 1. There’s ____________ “h” in the word “house”. A) a B) / C) an D) the 2. Jack bought _________ useful book. _________ book is also very interesting. A) an; The B) a; The C) an; / D) a; A 3. ---Can I help you, madam? ---I’m looking for ________pair of shoes for my daughter. A) the B) an C) a D) some 4. _________ elephant is much heavier than a house. A) A B) An C) The D) / 5. After watching TV, she played __________ guitar for an hour. A) / B) the C) an D) a 6. ---Where is Xiao Ming? ---He’s having _________ rest over there. A) a B) an C) the D) / 7. We have three meals ______ day. We have _____ breakfast at 6:30 in _____morning every day. A) the; the; the B) the;/; the C) a;/;the d) a; the; the 8. The cartoon “Mulan” is _______ interesting film and ________ story happened in China. A) a; the B) an; the C) the; a D) an; a 9. In the United States, Father’s Day falls on _______ third Sunday in _________ June. A) the; / B) the; a C) /; the D) a; / 10. What ________ interesting book it is! A) a B) an C) the D) / B组：判断对错 1. Please turn off lights before you leave. ( ) 2. I live on a second floor of this building. ( ) 3. I like to climb the mountain in the autumn. ( ) 4. The little boy wanted to go to cinema. ( ) 5. I went to New York by car. ( ) 本节妙语巧记 名词单数变复数规则： 名词单数变复数，一般加-s没有错。 词尾若是s,x,ch,sh, 直接加上—es 。 词尾若是f或fe, 加 –s之前要变ve。 “辅音字母+y”来结尾， 变 y为i有道理， 再加-es没问题。 词尾字母若是o, 加-es有tomato和potato。 不规则变化要特别记，oo常要变ee, foot—feet是一例。 男人女人a变e, woman—women看仔细。 child 复数要记住，“孩子们“ 是children。 定冠词的用法： 特指双方熟悉，上文以及提及； 世上独一无二， 序数词最高级； 某些专有名词，习惯用语乐器。 第二讲 代词和数词 一 代词 代词是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语，不定式，动词的-ing形式或句子的词。 1. 人称代词： 人称代词的主格在句子中做主语，宾格在句子中作宾语或表语。 格 数 人 称 单数 复数 主格 宾格 主格 宾格 第一人称 I me we us 第二人称 you you you you 第三人称 he,she,it him,her,it they them 注意： 不同的人称合在一起使用时，一般的排序为： 单数：you and I; you and he; he and I; you, he and I 复数：we and you; we and they; you and they; we, you and they 2. 物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，是人称代词的所有格形式，表示“所有” 词义 类型 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他（她，它）们的 形容词性 my your his her its our your their 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 3. 反身代词： 表示我（们）自己，你（们）自己，他、它、她（们）自己的词 人称 数 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 myself yourself himself, herself, itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 4. 疑问代词： what，which, who, whom, whose等 5. 指示代词： 是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词，具有指定的含义。this； that; these; those 6. 不定代词：不明确指代某个（某些）人，某个（些）事物的代词。 ⑴ some, any, many, much, a lot of 与lots of ① many 修饰或代词可数名词的复数。 ② much 修饰或代替不可数名词。 ③ a lot of和 lots of既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 ④ some和any 表示“一些”，即不确定的或未知的数量数目。Some通常用于肯定句中，any用于否定句，疑问句和条件句中。Some可用在表示邀请或请求的疑问句中，强调希望对方给予肯定回答。Would you like some apples? ⑵ other 与another 的用法 ① other 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物。other表示“另外的”，“其他的”，the other表示“两者中的另一个”， the others表示“其余的（指在一个范围内的其他全部）”，others用于泛指，表示“其余的人或物”。 ② another 具有代词性质，既可指人，也可指物，表示“另一个”（是泛指中的“另外一个”，并不是两者中的另一个）或“又一个”。 ⑶ each 与every 表示“每一” ① each强调“个别”，可单独使用，也可修饰单数名词或跟of引导的介词短语；every修饰单数名词，强调“整体”，相当于汉语中的“每个都”。 ② everyone与every one的区别：everyone意为“每人”，“人人”，只指人，不指物，后面不能跟of引导的介词短语；every one 意为“每个”，通常用来指物，后面能跟of引导的介词短语。 ③ every 及其所构成的复合代词everybody, everyone, everything作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 ④ “every+基数词+复数名词”或“every+序数词+单数名词”表示“每隔……”, 译成汉语减去一： every three days 每隔两天 every third days 每三天 ⑷ no 和 none 表示“无”，“没有” ① no= not a, not any作定语，后跟可数名词或不可数名词；none后跟引导的介词短语，在句中作主语或宾语，表示“没有任何东西或人”。 ② nobody, no one, nothing只能单独使用，后面不跟of引导的介词短语。 ③ nobody, no one, nothing和none常用作简略答语。一般情况下，nothing回答what问句；nobody或 no one回答who问句；none回答how many或how much问句。 ⑸ all, both, whole表示“都”， “全部” ① both指两个人或事物，而all指三个或者三个以上的人或事物。 ② both和all都可直接修饰名词；名词前如有限定时，其前只能用both of 或all of.。 ③ both和all在句中位于be动词之后，行为动词之前，如有情态动词或助动词，则位于情态动词或助动词与行为动词之前。 注：both的反义词是neither; all的反义词是none ⑹ neither与either 的用法： neither 表示 “两者都不”；either表示“两者之一”或“两者中的任何一个”。 后面跟单数名词或“of+宾格人称代词/带限定词的复数名词”。 ⑺ few, a few和little, a little ① few 和a few 指代可数名词；little和a little指代不可数名词。 a little修饰不可数名词时相当于a bit of. few 和little表示“没有几个”，“很少”， 含否定意义；a few 和a little 表示“有几个”，“有一些”， 含有肯定意义 ② 口语中常用only a few 或only a little表示“只有一些（点）”，quite a few表示“相当多” ⑻ one, ones 指代名词 ① one 指代单数可数名词，ones指代复数名词，泛指某（些）人或某（些）物。 ② one 或ones前有the, this, that 或these, those等词时，表示特指某（些）人或某（些）物。 课堂练习： A组：选择最佳答案 (人称代词， 物主代词，反身代词) 1. Mary, please show ___________ your picture. A) my B) mine C) I D) me 2. ---Did you find your watch yesterday? ---No, I didn’t find _________, but I’ve bought ____________________. A) it; it B) one; one C) it; one D) one; it 3. Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and _____________? A) she B) I C) his D) me 4. What’s wrong with ______________? A) him B) he C) his D) / 5. The skirt is ____________. She made it _______________. A) hers; herself B) her; herself C) herself; hers D) herself; her 6. Let ____________ carry the heavy bag for the old woman. A) you and B) I and you C) me and you D) you and me 7. ---Would you like some more ice? ---Yes. Just _______________ A) a few B) few C) little D) a little 8. I saw _________ playing in the garden at that time. A) them B) they C) their D) theirs 9. He has a good room, but I don’t think it’s a big as ______________ A) I B) me C) mine D) my 10. Mr. Li teaches __________ English. A) us B) we C) our D) ours 11. A friend of ___________ came here yesterday. A) my B) his C) her D) your 12. You cannot finish the work __________. Let me give you a helping hand. A) you B) yourself C) by you D) you only B组：选择最佳答案（不定代词） 1. I want _________ books to read. Do you have ___________? A) some; any B) any; some C) any; any D) some; some 2. I have two pens. One is red, _________ is blue. A) the other B) others C) other D) another 3. ---You look so happy! ---Jack says I am pretty. __________ has ever told me that before. A) Somebody B) Anybody C)Everybody D) Nobody 4. ---Can you cook eggs with tomatoes? ---Yes, of course. ____________ can do it, it is easy. A) Anyone B) Someone C) No one D) Everyone else 5. Mike and Joan are __________ good at maths. A) neither B) both C) each D) no one 6. There is _________ snow this winter. A) many B) more C) much D) a few 7. There are six people in the office. __________