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1、Unit 4 Astronomy: the science of the stars编辑:杨向东 审核:刘发响学习目标认知目标:通过学习了解与“天文学”相关词汇,表达方式等。能力目标:本单元为边缘科学,能用英语描述地球生命起源,万有引力,黑洞和太空旅行等情感目标:懂得地球上生命的起源和发展过程,学会珍爱生命,关注环境等。单元要点预览词汇部分词语辨析1. loudly / loud / aloud 2. unlike / dislike 3. remain / leave4. climate / weather 5. now that / since / because / as词形变化1. v
2、iolent adj.强暴的,猛烈的violence n.暴力,强暴;猛烈violently adv. 强暴地;猛烈地2. fundamental adj.基本(础)的,npl.基本原则(法则)fundamentally adv. 基本地,根本地fundament n 基础;根本3. development n.生长,发展;新情况develop vt. 发展;产生vi 生长;发展developed adj. 发达的developing adj.发展的4. lay vt.放下;摆设;产(蛋)lay-laid-laid-layinglie vi.躺,平放;位于lie-lay-lain-lyingl
3、ie n.&vi. 谎话;说谎lie-lied-lied-lying5. prevent vt 预防,防止prevention n.预防;阻止;妨碍preventable adj.可防止的,可预防的6. gentle adj. 和蔼的;轻柔的gently adv. 温和地;静静地7. physics n. 物理,物理学physicist n.物理学家physical adj.身体的;物理(学)的,物质的重点单词1. system n.c系统;体系;制度;方法2. lay vt.(laid,laid,laying)把放下;摆设;铺(地毯);产(蛋)3. harmful adj.有害的;伤害的4.
4、 exist vi. 存在;生存5. puzzle v.(使)迷惑;(使)苦思、;n. 谜;难题6. pull v. 拉,拖,拔;移动 n.拉,拖;拉(引)力7. cheer vt.&vi.(使)高兴、振奋;(对)欢呼重点词组1. to begin with 以开始;由作为开头;首先2. in time 及时;最终;迟早3. in ones time 轮到某人;接着4. preventfrom 使不做事;阻止做某事5. block out 挡住(光线)6. be off =set off 出发;动身;不用上班/学/开张7. break out (灾难、战争等)突发;爆发8. watch out
5、 密切注视;当心;提防重点句子1. It exploded loudly with fire and rock,which were in time to produce the water vapour, carbon dioxide, oxygen,nitrogen and other gases,which were to make the earths atmosphere.2. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.3. But when I tried to step forward I found I was car
6、ried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.重点语法宾语从句和表语从句(名词性从句)模块一、Warming up&Pre-reading一、预习引导. 重点单词1. (adj.)猛烈的;强暴的 (n .)2. (prep)不同;不像 (vt.)不喜欢.3. (vt. & n )损害;危害 (adj.)4. (n )宗教;宗教信仰 (adj.)5. (vi)存在;生存 (n.). 重点短语1. time 及时;终于 2. eggs 下蛋3. give birth 产生;分娩 4. ones turn 轮到某人;接着5. prevent 阻止;制
7、止. 语篇导读Big Bang1. Earch:a cloud of 2. a solid 3. small6. on the surface of the waterWater:5. tothe developmentof lifeearly 7. and all sorts of fish the earths4. huge animals(dinosaurs)9. land 8. green plantson land human beingthe rise of 10. 二、课堂互动(知识讲解)1. system n . 系统;体系;制度 eg:The present system o
8、f education needs to be improved.目前的教育制度需要改进。What are the differences between the American and Birtish systems of government?英美两国的政府体制有什么不同?拓展记忆systemless adj.无秩序的systematic adj 系统的;有计划的the solar system 太阳系 a social system社会制度2. religion n .宗教;宗教信仰 eg:Politics and religion are daily topics of conver
9、sation.政治和宗教是日常交谈的话题。拓展记忆religious adj.宗教的;虔诚的 eg:She is very religious and goes to church three times a week.她非常的虔诚,每周去教堂三次。These two countries had three religious wars in twenty years.这两个国家在20年里发生过三次宗教上的冲突。三、随堂练习. 根据汉语提示完成句子1. He is devoting himself to (天文家)2. He is an expert on solar (系统)3. (天文学家
10、)are interested in solar system.4. I do not want to (讨论)this problem on the phone.5. The way they have collected their data is not very (系统的)6. (讨论)are still taking place between the two leaders.7. The doors were painted blue to (匹配)the walls. 用适当的介词填空8. Please think these questions that were put fo
11、rward at the metting.9. Let students discuss the problem their teachers.10. The earth moves the sun.11. Please match these answers those questions.12. Who is interested history?. 翻译句子13. 那时候我已经对此想法失去了兴趣。 14. 她始终关注慈善工作。 15. 我对英语很感兴趣。 模块二 Reading、预习导引一、Read the text carefully and then choose the best
12、answer1.Wath is the correct order according to the text ?The clever animals with hands and feet appeared and spread all over the earth.The big bang Small plants began to appear on the surface of the water.65 million years ago,the age of the dinosaurs ended.A. B. C. D.2.How did the atmosphere on the
13、earth appear?A.It came trom space B.It came from the explosion C.It came from the oceans D.It came from the forests 3.In our solar system,why does life only exist on the earth?A.Because it is very warm on the earth B.Because it is cool enough on the earthC.Because there is plenty of water on the ear
14、th D.Because it is big enough4.Why did plants appear earlier than animals?A.Because plants could produce oxygen ,which was important for animals.B.Because plants were more advanced than animals.C.Because animals needed more water. D.Because plants needed more water.5.According to the passage we can
15、know .A.only the earth has life on it in space B.oxygen in the atmosphere on the earth came from the Big BangC.humans are the cleverest animals of the earthD.plants played an important part in the appearance of animals 二、Tell which of the following are true (T) or False (F)1.Small land animals appea
16、red and produced young generally by laying eggs.2.Scientists dont know exactly why the age of the dinosaurs ended.3.Scientists have solved the puzzle how life began on the earth.4.It was immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life.5.Water had appeared both on the
17、earth and on Mars ,however,it had disappeared later on Mars.三、Fill in the blanks according to the textAccording to a widely accepted 1. ,the universe began with a “Big Bang”,for several2. years after the “Big Bang”,the earth was still just a cloud of dust ,which settled into a solid 3. .The earth be
18、came very 4. ,and later it produced many gases,which were to make the earths 5. . Water had also appeared on the earth,which allowed the earth to dissolve 6. gases and acids into the oceans and seas.Then life began to develop.Nobody understood plants were the start of changes.They 7. and filled the
19、oceans and seas.Small land animals appeared and produced young generally by 8. eggs.After that,some huge animals 9. on the earth for more than 140 million years .Mammals were different from all life forms in the past;they gave birth to the young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.They are p
20、utting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which 10. heat from escaping from the earth into space.课堂互动一,重点单词1.theory n. 学说;理论 eg:Only in 1687 did he at last publish his new theory.终于在一六八七年他发表了他的新理论。Practice is better than theory.行动胜于空谈。拓展:In theory(反inpractice)理论上eg:The plan is good in theor
21、y,but does it work in practice?2.globe n. 球体;地球仪;地球 eg:The sun looks like an orange globe.太阳看上去像一个橘黄色的球体。Her travels had taken her to every corner of the globe.她游遍了世界各地。拓展:global adj.全球性的;全世界的eg:English is a global language.英语是全球通用的语言。3.violent adj.猛烈的;激烈的;强暴的 eg;They showed violent opposition to th
22、e oppressors.他们对压迫者表现出强烈的反抗。Students were involved in violent clashes with the police.学生和警察发生的暴力冲突。拓展:violently adv.强烈地;激烈地;猛烈地violence n. 暴力;暴行;狂热;激情 by violence 强行4.atmosphere n. 大气层;气氛 eg:Everyone must pay attention to the pollution of the atmosphere.人人都必须注意大气污染。There is an atmosphere of peace an
23、d calm in the country,quite different from the atmosphere of a big city.在乡间有一种和平宁静的气氛,和大城市的气氛截然不同。拓展:atmosphere与 air atmosphere指地球或其他天体的大气、气体或大气层;air指环绕在地球周围并且人和动植物能呼吸的空气或者指地球周围的大气。 5.unlike prep.不同;不像 eg:Unlike his brother,he has a good sense of humor.和他兄弟不同,他很有幽默感。It will be unlike any other exper
24、ience.它将不同于其他的经历。拓展: (1)unlikely adj.未必发生的;不大可能的 eg: He is unlikely to win the race.他不大可能会在赛跑中得胜。(2)dislike vt.& n. 不喜欢;讨厌 eg:I dislike going out at night.我不喜欢晚上出去。6.presence n.出席;到场;存在eg:He hardly seemed to notice my presence.他似乎没有注意到我到场。拓展:present adj.现存的;当前的present n.礼物;礼品;目前;现在Present vt. 颁发;授予;
25、把交给;展现;显示in the presence of sb. =in sb.spresence 在某人面前;有某人在场present sth. to sb.= present sb.with sth.把某物交给某人;颁发某物给某人链接:presence,appearance 与cxistence (1)presence 指人在某些场合的出席、出场或某事物的存在。 eg: Your presence is requested at the meeting . 敬请出席会议。(2)appearance 意为“露面;到场;到达”,表示“出席”讲时与presence相近。 eg:I dont wan
26、t to go to the party,but I suppose Id better put in an appearance.我不想去参加这个聚会,不过我认为最好还是去露个面。(3)existence 指人或事物的存在或确实有某种情况。You can not doubt your own existence.你不能怀疑你的存在。7. harmful adj.有害的 eg:It is harmful to your health to drink too much.过量喝酒对你的身体有害。Keep away from harmful people. 远离坏人。拓展:be harmful t
27、o sb./sth.对某人/某物有害 harmfully adv. 有害地 harm n. 伤害,损害do harm to sb./sth. 对某人/某物造成伤害;对某人/某物有损伤 harmless adj. 无害的;不会导致损伤的;无恶意的 harmlessly adv.不会造成损伤地;无恶意地8.multiply vi.&vt. 乘;增加 eg:We must multiply our efforts to clear up the mystery.我们必须加倍努力来揭开谜团。Four multiplied by five is twenty.四乘以五等于二十。拓展:multiple a
28、dj. 多样的,多重的multipliable adj 可增加的,可乘的multiplication n.(数)乘法,增加;(动物/植物的)繁殖9.exist vi. 存在;生存 eg:Several people believe the Devil exists in the world.一些人认为世界上存在魔鬼。Man cannot exist without air.没有空气人就不能生存。拓展:exist in 存在于之中exist on 靠为生 existence n.存在;生存come into existence 开始存在,成立链接:there exist(s)表示“存在/有”的意
29、思,是 “there be”句型的延伸,类似的还有:there stand(s)/there lie(s)/there live(s)。10.thus adv.因此;于是 eg:He forgot to turn on the radio and thus missed the program.他忘了打开收音机,因此错过了那个节日目。Thus,he kills his brother.因而,他杀了他的兄弟。11.puzzle n. 谜;难题eg:Tom is clever enough to solve these puzzles.汤姆很聪明,能解开这些谜题。This is really a
30、puzzle to me.这对我来说着实是道难题。vt.&vi.(使)迷惑;(使)为难 eg:Some boxing terms puzzle me.有些拳击术语我不懂。拓展:puzzle out 琢磨出的答案puzzling adj. 令人困惑的 puzzled adj.感到困惑的二、短语1.in time 及时;终于 eg:I was just in time for the flight.我刚好来得及赶上飞机。In time, youll find the way.你终将找到路。拓展:In no time 立即;立刻at any time 在任何时候 at one time 曾经;一度a
31、t a time一次;每次 at times 有时;偶尔on time 按时,准时 all the time 始终at all times不论什么时候 at the same time 同时;尽管如此2.lay eggs 下蛋,产卵 eg:The black hen lays an egg every day.那只黑母鸡每天下一个蛋。Whales dont lay eggs because they are mammals.鲸不产卵因为它们是哺乳动物。拓展:lay aside 把放在一边lay away 为将来储备;贮存lay down 放下;放弃;制定(条例或原则)lay off(因工作不多
32、)解雇;停止使用3.give birth to 产生;分娩 eg:It is said that James Watts observation of steam issuing from a kettle gave birth to the idea of the steam engine.据说,詹姆斯瓦特对水壶蒸汽的观察使他产生的发明蒸汽机的想法。She gave birth to a fine healthy baby.她生了一个健康漂亮的宝宝。链接:give birth to与 be born give birth to 意为“生产,生下”,其宾语通常是表示幼畜或婴儿的词语,其主语只能
33、是表示雌性的词语,有时也作“使诞生”讲;be born则表示“出生”,其主语通常只能是表示被生下的人或动物。 eg:How many children did she give birth to?她生了多少个孩子?No one knows when the boy was born.没有人知道这个男孩是何时出生的。4.in ones turn轮到某人; 接着 eg:Iwill,in my turn, clean the window next week.下周将轮到我擦窗户了。This week I am to do the housework in my turn.这一周该我做家务了。拓展:b
34、y turns 轮流,交替in turn 依次 take turns(to do)依次;轮流(做)Its sb.s turn to do sth.轮到某人干某事5.preventfrom阻止;制止 eg:Nothing would prevent him from speaking out against injustice.什么也阻止不了他鸣不平。They were prevented by illness from taking the exam.他们因病未能参加考试。链接:prevent sb. from doing sth.;stop sb.from doing sth. 与keep
35、sb.from doing sth.prevent/stop/keep sb.from doing sth.都表示“阻止某人干某事”, prevent/stop sb.from doing sth.中的from在主动语态中可省略,但在被动态中不能省略; keep sb.from doing sth.中的from在主动语态和被动态中都不能省略。如果省略就成了 keep sb, doing sth. 表示“让某人一直干某事”。eg:We were prevented by the heavy rain from getting there in time.这场大雨使我们未能及时赶到那里。( fro
36、m 不能省略) Im sorry to keep you waiting.我很抱歉让你一直等。三、难句点点通1.No one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.没有人确切地知道地球是怎样起源的,因为那是很久以前发生的事。 as it happened so long ago 是原因状语从句,as表示“由于,因为”。eg:Everybody likes him as he is kind and honest.他和气诚实,所以人人都喜欢他。链接:as,because,since 和 for表示原因用法辨析。
37、as表示一种明显的,已知的理由,是大家共知的原因;because语气最强,所表示的是why 的直接理由或原因; since 常表示尚需总结的原因。如说话者认为事因已较清楚,为了表明语言或思维上的因果关系时就用as 或since; for是并列连词,两个分句之间有时并不存在因果关系,此时for 分句只是说话人为了前面的分句所述事实进行推论而主观设立的一种论据。for引导的句子须置于后面。 egAs you werent there I left a message. 因为你不在那里,我留了个信儿。They hurried on because it was getting dark. 因为天色暗
38、下来了,他们匆匆赶路。Since you cant answer the question,wed better ask someone else 既然你无法回答这个问题,我们最好问问别人。He shook his head,for he thought differently. 他摇摇头,因为他的想法与此不同。2.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. 它将会变成什么还不确定,直到四十五亿年
39、到三十八亿年前这团尘埃变成一个固定的球状物。该句是一个主从复合句。until引导的从句是一个时间状语从句,意为“直到时候”; What it was to become 是该句的主语,意为“它将会成为什么”, What既引导主语从句又在多句中作表语。be to do是一个固定表达结构,它在该句中表示“注定要,必定会”之意。 I wonder what my naughty son is to become in the future.我想知道我淘气的儿子将来会是个什么样子。拓展:be to do 的用法(1)(用于过去时)表示注定要发生的情况。Better days were soon to
40、follow 。不久之后日子就变得好过些了。(2)表示按计划、安排要发生的事,或打算要做的事。Are you to go there by bike or by bus? 你打算骑自行车去那儿还是坐公共汽车去。(3)表示“应该”、“宜于”等意思,意思接近should,有时用来征求对方的意见。 egIn future you are not to do that again. 以后你不能再那样做了。(4)表示“可以”、“能”等,意思接近can,may,多用于被动结构。 eg Such people are to be found everywhere. 这种人到处都有。(5)表示“必须”等,意思
41、接近must,have to egYou are to hand in the exercises tomorrow. 你们明天得交练习。(6)表示“想、要”等,意思接近want to,intend to eg If we are to be there on time,well have to hurry up. 我们如果要准时到那儿,就得加快了。3.The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not 地球(开始)变得如此激烈动荡,以至于不知道这个形状是否会存在下去. 该句
42、是一个主从复合句, sothat引导的从句为结果状语从句,结果状语从句中 it 用作形式主语,whetheror not 为真正的主语。 “Its not clear+ 从句”意为“不知道;不清楚”。 egIt is not clear whether shell come or not. 不知道她来不来。It is not clear when hell come home 。他何时回家还不清楚。whether意为“是否”,与if同义,用来引导名词性从句。与or not 构成固定搭配在及物动词之后引导宾语从句时,whetheror not与ifof not 可换用,但在主语从句、表语从句或同
43、位语从句以及在介词之后的宾语从句中,只用whehter ,不用 if 。 egWhether the sports meeting will be held depends on whether itll be fine or not.运动会是否会举行取决于天气是否晴朗。I dont know if/whether hell help us or not. 我不知道他是否愿意帮助我们。4.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible for life to develop. 这产生了连锁反应,使得生命的发展成为可能。 该句是一个主从复合句,Which 引导的从句为非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 a chain reaction.。链接:as与 which 引导的非限制性定语从句as 与which 都可以引导非限制性定语从句并代表整个主句内容,但有下列不同点: (1)as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、主句后或插在主句中间, which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 (2)as 常译为“正如 ”,which则译为“这;这件事”。(3)as 还用于as is often the case (那是常有的事)句式中。 egAs anybody can see,China is becoming str
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