2022年词汇学提纲 .pdf
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1、1、types of morphemes: Free morphemes; bound morphemes; inflectional morphemes. 2、types of bound morphemes:Prefix; Suffix. 3、types of idioms: Idioms Nominal in nature; Idioms Adjectival in nature; Idioms Verbal in nature; Idioms Adverbal in nature; sentence idioms. 4、types of word meaning: Grammatica
2、l meaning and lexical meaning; conceptual meaning and associative meaning (connotative meaningstylistic affective collocative ) 5、idioms stylistic features: colloquialisms; slang; literary expressions. 6、idioms rhetorical features: phonetic manipulation (alliterationrhyme); lexical manipulation (rei
3、terationrepetitionjuxtaposition);figures of speech (similemetaphormetonymysynecdovheeuphemismpersonification) 7、types of word formation: affixation; compounding; conversion; blending; clipping; acronym; back-formation; word from proper names. 8、changes in wording: extension; narrowing; elevation; de
4、gradation; transfer. 9、types of motivation: morphological motivated; semantic ; etymological ; onomatopoeic 10、语系划分的标准Estern set : Balto-Slavic(Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.), Indo-Iranian(Persian, Hindi ), Armenian and Albanian ;Western set : Celtic(Scottis
5、h, Irish, Welsh, Breton), Italic(Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian) , Hellenic(Greek), Germanic(Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, English, German). 五、 41-45 名词解释 *2 ;Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Morphology : the study
6、 of morpheme and their different forms. Semantics :the study of word meaning. Etymology: the study of the origin of words, and of their history and changes in their meaning. Stylistics : the study of the variation in language which is dependent on the situation in which the language is used and also
7、 on the effect the writer or speaker wishes to create on the reader or hearer Lexicography : the compiling of dictionaries. Synchronic study : the study of a word or words at one particular point in time. Diachronic study: an approach to lexicology which studies how a word (or words) changes over a
8、period of time. word: a word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 6 页 - - - - - - - - - vocabulary :Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a
9、 language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and
10、 academic areas as in medicine: Jargon 行话 refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business. slang 俚语 belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard
11、general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words Argot 黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-cultural groups, and outsiders can hardly understand it, Archaisms 古词语are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restric
12、ted only to specialized or limited use. Neologisms 新词语 are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. denizens 同化词 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. Alien 非同化词are borrowed words which have retained their or
13、iginal pronunciation and spelling. Translation-loans. 借译词 Translation-loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modelled on the patterns taken from another language. Semantic-loans借义词 Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the fo
14、rm. But their meanings are borrowed. Content word: the basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary ,which accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. It is the most important part of vocabulary. Creation : the formation of new words by using the existing materials,
15、 namely roots, affixes and other elements. Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new need. Morpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language Allomorph: any of the different forms of a morpheme Free morpheme: a linguistic form which can be used on its own as a
16、word Bound morpheme: a form (morpheme) which can not he used alone hut must be used with another morpheme. Bound morphemes include hound roots and affixes Affixes: forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function Prefixation(suffixation): is the formation of new words
17、by adding prefixes(suffixes) to stem Inflectional affixes: affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships Derivational affixes: affixes added to other morphemes to create new words 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 6 页 -
18、 - - - - - - - - Root: a morpheme which is the basic part of a word that can not be further analyzed without total loss of identity Stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added Bound root: a root that can not stand alone as a word Monomorphemic words: words that have nothing more than a fr
19、ee morpheme Affixation: Derivation (also known as affixation) is the process of formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. Affixaton consisits of prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems; suffixation is the fo
20、rmation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Compounding: Compounding or composition is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way tire called compounds. Conversion :Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class
21、. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation .Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion Acronymy Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含
22、两类 :1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a won! plus a part of another word. Words formed by blending are called blends or pormanteau. Clipping is a way of making new words which involves th
23、e shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. Back-formation is a process of forming new words considered to the opposite process of suffixation by the removal of an affix from existing word. Words from proper names of place, people, trade, book, etc.
24、Concept,is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind Sense : denotes the relationships inside the language. Reference is the relationship between language and the world 外来词分为四类:1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage ,
25、dcor 3) Translation loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream. Motivation 分类: onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical & lexical ; conceptual & associative (connotative, stylistic, affective , collo
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