语言学-刘润清.doc
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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date语言学-刘润清刘润清语言学导论主要内容刘润清新编语言学教程主要内容Chapter 1 IntroductionI. Definition of linguisticsThe scientific or systemic study of language, which is always guided by the three canons of science: e
2、xhaustiveness, consistency and economy.II. Linguistics vs. traditional grammarLinguistics differs from traditional grammar at least in three basic ways.1. Linguistics describes languages and does not lay down rules of correctness.2. Linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written
3、.3. Linguistics describes each language on its own merits.III. Scope of linguisticsMicrolinguistics: Phonetics; Phonology; Morphology; Syntax; Semantics; PragmaticsMacrolinguistics: Sociolinguitics; Psycholinguistics; Neurolinguistics; Stylistics; Discourse analysis; Computational linguistics; Cogni
4、tive linguistics; Applied linguisticsIV. Definition of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.V. Origin of languageDing-Dong Theory: Human speech developed from primitive man giving vocal expression to the objects he encountered.Sing-Song Theory: Languag
5、e developed from primitive ritual songs of praise.Pooh-Pooh Theory: Language came from interjections, which express the speakers emotions.Yo-He-Ho Theory: Language came from the cries uttered, during strain of work.Ta-Ta Theory: Language came from the combination of certain gestures and tongue movem
6、ents.Bow-Wow Theory: Language came from imitation of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.VI. Design features of language1. Arbitrariness: This refers to the fact that there is no logical or intrinsic connection between a particular sound and the meaning it is associated with. 2. Duality: L
7、anguage operates on two levels of structure. At one level are elements which have no meaning in themselves but which combine to form units at another level which do have meaning. 3. Productivity: Productivity or creativity refers to mans linguistic ability which enables him to produce and understand
8、 an infinitely large number of sentences in our native language.4. Interchangeability: Interchangeability or reciprocity refers to the fact that man can both produce and receive message, and his roles as a speaker and a hearer can be exchanged at ease.5. Displacement: Displacement is a property of l
9、anguage enabling people to talk about things remote either in space or in time.6. Specialization: Specialization refers to the fact that man does not have a total physical involvement in the act of communication.7. Cultural transmission: Language is culturally transmitted. It cannot be transmitted t
10、hrough heredity. VII. Functions of language1. Phatic function / communion: Language is used to establish an atmosphere or maintain social contact between the speaker and the hearer. Greetings, farewells and comments on the weather serve this function.2. Directive function: Language is used to get th
11、e hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences are of this function.3. Informative function: Language is used to tell something, to give information, or to reason things out. Declarative sentences serve this function.4. Interrogative: Language is used to ask for information from others. All que
12、stions expecting replies serve this function.5. Expressive function: Language is used to reveal the speakers attitudes and feelings. Ejaculations serve this function.6. Evocative function: Language is used to create certain feelings in the hearers. Jokes, advertising, and propaganda serve this funct
13、ion.7. Performative function: Language is used to do things or to perform acts. The judges imprisonment sentences, the presidents declaration of war or the Queens naming of a ship, etc., serve this function.VIII. Some major concepts in linguistics1. Descriptive and prescriptive grammar(1) Descriptiv
14、e grammars attempt to tell what is in the language; while prescriptive grammars tell people what should be in the language.(2) As traditional grammars tried to lay down rules, they are often called prescriptive. Most modern linguistics is descriptive.2. Synchronic and diachronic linguisticsWhen we s
15、tudy language at one particular time, it is called synchronic linguistics. When we study language developments through time, it is called diachronic or historical linguistics.Synchronic linguistics focuses on the state of language at any point in history while diachronic linguistics focuses on the d
16、ifferences in two or more than two states of language over decades or centuries.3. Lange and paroleF. de Saussure made an important distinction between langue and parole: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. Parole refer to particular reali
17、zation s of langue. Langue is the social, conventional side of language, while parole is individualized speech.4. Competence and performanceAccording to Chomsky, competence refers to the knowledge that native speakers have their language as a system of abstract formal relations, while performance re
18、fers to their actual linguistic behavior, that is, the actual use of this knowledge.5. Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSaussure has put forward another pair of concepts: syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations. The former refers to the horizontal relationship between linguistic elements, which
19、form linear sequences. The later means the vertical relationship between forms, which might occupy the same particular place in a structure.6. Functionalism and formalismFunctionalism or functional linguistics refers to the study of the forms of language in reference to their social function in comm
20、unication.Formalism or formal linguistics is the study of the abstract forms of language and their internal relations.Chapter 2 Sounds in languageI. Phonetics1. Phonetics: The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages is called phonetics.2. Three major research fields of Phonetics
21、Articulatory phonetics: It is the study of how speech sounds are produced, or articulated.Acoustic phonetics: It deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.Auditory phonetics: It deals with how speech sounds are perceived by the listener. II. Articulators1. Seven major articulators
22、: pharynx, velum or soft palate, hard palate, alveolar ridge or alveolum, tongue, teeth and lips2. Voiced and voiceless soundsWhen the vocal cords are spread apart, the airstream from the lung is not obstructed at the space between vocal cords and passes freely. The sounds produced in this way are d
23、escribed as voiceless sounds.When the vocal cords are drawn together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced sounds.3. Nasal and oral soundsWhen the velum is lowered, air escapes through the nose as well as the mouth; soun
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