Oral Slips and Their Countermeasures in Business English Negotiation.doc
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1、Oral Slips and Their Countermeasures in Business English Negotiation商务英语谈判中的口误及其对策AbstractWith the rapid development of global economic integration, cross-cultural business negotiation is becoming increasingly frequent. Business English negotiators face new challenges, particularly the understanding
2、 and use of English. Because of cultural divergences and some other reasons, oral slip is inevitable and may prevent the business proceeding on smoothly. Therefore, avoiding oral slips and dealing with them in an appropriate way is very important.This thesis mainly discusses oral slips and counterme
3、asures in business English negotiations. Firstly, it introduces four types of oral slips in business English negotiation: mistakes in pronunciation and intonation, mistakes on lexical and syntactic level and taboos; secondly, it analyzes the negative effects caused by oral slips; then, it analyzes t
4、he reasons for oral slips, including Freuds explanation, negative transfer, improper teaching in classroom and cultural divergences; finally, it puts forward some countermeasures to deal with oral slips: overcoming psychological stress, increasing negotiators awareness of cultural differences, learn
5、ing English with the help of pragmatic knowledge, cultivating negotiators communicative competence and explanation. All in all, through case analysis, the thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of oral slips and their countermeasures in business negotiation, in the hope of giving business English
6、negotiators a correct guidance so as to improve their ability of negotiation and guarantee trade proceeding smoothly. Key words: business English negotiation; oral slips; countermeasures摘 要随着全球经济一体化的迅速发展,跨文化商务谈判变得更加频繁。商务英语谈判者面临着新的挑战,尤其是对英语的理解和运用。因为文化差异和其他原因,口误是不可避免的,而且可能阻碍贸易顺利进行。因此避免口误和正确处理口误是非常重要的。
7、本文主要探讨商务英语谈判中的口误及其对策。本文首先简要介绍商务英语谈判中口误的四种类型:发音和语调错误,词汇错误,句法错误和禁忌语;接着分析了由口误所引发的负面影响;然后分析了口误的原因,包括弗洛伊德的解释,负迁移,不当的教学和文化差异;最后提出处理口误的对策:克服心理压力,增强谈判者的文化差异意识,学习英语语用知识,培养谈判者的交际能力和解释说明。总之,本文通过案例分析,对商务谈判中的口误及其对策做了全面的分析,以期给予商务英语谈判者一个正确的指导,提高他们的商务谈判能力,从而确保贸易顺利进行。关键词:商务英语谈判; 口误; 对策ContentsAbstracti摘 要iiIntroduct
8、ion11. Classification of Oral Slips21.1 Mistakes in Pronunciation and Intonation21.2 Mistakes on Lexical Level31.2.1 Use of Wrong Words31.2.2 Use of Fuzzy Words31.3 Mistakes on Syntactic Level41.4 Taboos42. Negative Effects of Oral Slips42.1 Negative Effects on the Development of a Company52.2 Misun
9、derstanding Between the Concerned Parties53. Reasons for Oral Slips63.1 Freuds Explanation63.2 Negative Transfer73.3 Improper Teaching in the Classroom73.4 Cultural Divergences73.4.1 Different Linguistic Habits and Features83.4.2 Different Business Practices83.4.3 Different Ways of Thinking94. Count
10、ermeasures of Oral Slips in Business English Negotiation94.1 Overcoming Psychological Stress94.2 Increasing Negotiators Awareness of Cultural Differences104.3 Learning English with the Help of Pragmatic Knowledge104.3.1 Politeness Strategy104.3.2 Euphemistic Strategy114.4 Cultivating Negotiators Com
11、municative Competence114.5 Explanation12Conclusion12Acknowledgements13Endnotes14References15 15Oral Slips and Their Countermeasures in Business English Negotiation商务英语谈判中的口误及其对策IntroductionBoomer & Laver points out that oral slip is a deviation from what the speaker has in mind to say, while Zhang L
12、ing regards oral slip as an accidental and usually trivial mistake in speaking, expressing a meaning deviated from the original one in speech, semantically or grammatically.1 Some language experts think this kind of mistakes as a kind of speech error.People begin to notice and study oral slip from t
13、he late 19th century. They gather thousands of examples of oral slip, and then analyze and classify them. In the beginning of 20th century, the study of oral slip focuses on psychological aspect discussing its causes. It is until 60s of the 20th century that slip of tongue gets more attention of lin
14、guists who study the social reasons for the slip of tongue. Furthermore, experts in different spheres step into the study of oral slip.2It is obvious in business world as the global economy progresses, that the international transactions are becoming increasingly common. With the adoption of open-up
15、 and reform policy, in order to keep abreast with the world, Chinese enterprises are establishing business relationship with foreign companies. They negotiate in the hope of coming to a contract in a win-win situation, thats to say, both sides feel that they have got a successful deal and walk away
16、satisfied. Negotiation plays a basic part in conclusion of a contract and has direct influence on the conclusion and implementation of a contract, and also has a great bearing on the economic interest of the parties concerned.3 However, during the process of negotiation, because of cultural divergen
17、ces, language barrier and some other objective reasons, the negotiators may say something not in line with their initial thought. Speakers of other languages tend to make some specific errors that are uncommon among native speakers. Those errors are called oral slips, which are potentially influenci
18、ng whether the negotiation is successful or not. In consequence, it is advisable for the negotiators to know how to avoid oral slips and how to deal with them when they actually occur.Actually, business people throughout the world have realized the crucial impact of oral slip on cross-cultural busin
19、ess English negotiation, and made great effort to reduce the possibility of negotiation failure as a result of oral slip. As to the problem, linguists and psychologists have made a large collection of oral slips in daily life for further research. Although they have exploited some way to prevent ora
20、l slip, there is still a long way to go to eliminate the adverse influence of oral slip. However, some oral slips intentionally produce word-plays or puns.1. Classification of Oral Slips In recent years, one of the most significant progress in the study of slip of tongue is to do the research in sev
21、eral aspects. The classification is the aspect with considerable results. The majority of oral slips can be interpreted in different ways, so there are also different ways of classifying. This thesis focuses on the following way. 1.1 Mistakes in Pronunciation and IntonationIn ordinary life, oral sli
22、p in pronunciation doesnt happen frequently. However, during the business English negotiation, the number of this kind is not small, because of different languages. In oral English, the speech is always changing, which is a serious problem, confronting with Chinese negotiators. On one hand, in Engli
23、sh there are some words with similar pronunciation. Chinese people speak English as a second language and without doubt, they will confuse about them particularly under a pressure situation as negotiation.English is a stress-timed rhythm language different from Chinese, a syllable-timed rhythm langu
24、age. There is a very important difference in English between strong and weak syllable.4 When you quote to the foreign party, a special attention should be paid to the numeral part of price. For example, if you want to say the price will be thirty U.S. dollar. per metric ton but it is very likely for
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