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1、名词短语Noun Phrase名词短语是指以名词或名词性词语(noun-equivalent)作中心词(head-word)构成的短语。它可以是一个名词或相当于名词的词语如代词,也可以是包括中心词、限定词(determiner)、前置修饰语(premodifier)和后置修饰语(postmodifier)在内的整个短语。 限定词 前置修饰语 中心词 后置修饰语 the a all those tall boys boy boys in general with long hair例如: 在名词短语中,限定词是仅次于中心词的最重要的成分,不能省略。如果名词前没有限定词,则可认为限定词是零位冠词(
2、zero-article)。没有前置修饰语和后置修饰语并不影响短语的完整性。 一 限定词当代英语语法家如R.Quirk认为放在名词前面,对名词起限定作用,表示特指、泛指或数量等概念的词为限定词。并阐述了限定词的句法作用和同名词的搭配关系以及限定词和限定词之间的搭配关系。限定词不象别的修饰语同修饰语之间只存在意义上的联系,而是有语法上的固定的搭配关系。例如:The new gas stove in the kitchen which I bought last month has a very efficient oven . 我上次买的那个厨房煤气炉有一个效率非常高的烘箱 。上句中起主语作用的
3、名词短语中,修饰中心词stove的除了限定词the外,还有形容词new,作形容词的名词gas,介词短语in the kitchen 和定语从句which I bought last month .但这些修饰语中的任何一个甚至全部都可一省略,而句子结构仍然完整。例如:The stove has a very efficient oven .这个炉子有一 个效率非常高的烘箱。但如果省略了the,这个句子就不成立,因为它是不合语法的。限定词通常包括:1冠词:a, an, the2. 形容词性指示代词即指示词:that, this, these, those, (which, what)等3形容词性物
4、主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their, its,(whose)等4所有格名词:Johns, the brothers 等5基数词:one, two, three等6序数词:second, third, first,(last, next, other)等7表示数量的不定代词:much, neither, many, few, little, some, any, either, all, both, half, enough, no, more, a lot of, 等限定词和名词的搭配关系:限定词一般不能同专有名词搭配,而只能同普通名词搭配。普通名词分为单数可
5、数名词、复数可数名词和不可数名词三类,限定词同这三类名词的搭配关系如下: 1可以与三类名词搭配的限定词:1例如: the/my/our/whose/which(ever)/what(ever)/some/any/no/all/half/Johns/the teachers/other等+ink/pen(s)等。 2只能同复数可数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词: 例如:zero article(零位冠词) / some / any /enough /more /most /a /lot /of / lots /plenty of 等 + ink /pens 等。 3只能和单数可数名词和复数名词搭配
6、的限定词: the last /the next / the other +pen(s) 4. 只能同单数可数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词: That /this + ink /pen 5. 只能同单数可数名词搭配的限定词: a / an/ each /either /every /neither /one /the first /the second 等 + pen 6. 只能同复数可数名词搭配的限定词: both / a few / fewer / the fewest many /several /these / those /a great(good/large/small) numb
7、er of / one 以外的基数词 two , three 等 + pens 7. 只能同不可数名词搭配的限定词: much / a (little) bit of / a great amount of /a good ( great/deal ) of 等 + ink 限定词和限定词之间的搭配关系: 两个或多个限定词同时修饰一个名词时,限定词之间有一定的搭配关系,根据位置的先后,限定词可分为三类:1 前位限定词(predeterminer)a. all , both, halfb. double, three times, twice 等c. one-third, two-fifths
8、等2 中位限定词( central determiner )a. a, an, the b. that, these, this, thosec. my, your 等d. Johns, the teachers 等3 后位限定词( postdeterminer )a. one, two等b. first, second 等c. another, last, next, other 等 前位限定词之间和中位限定词之间互相排斥,因此一个名词短语中只能用一个前位限定词和一个中位限定词,后位限定词没有互相排斥的现象。例如: 1 Half my first new salary is spent.我第
9、一笔薪水的一半花掉了。 ( 此句中half是前位限定词,my是中位限定词 ) 2 Both these last two days were hectic. 最后这两天都是闹哄哄的。(此句中both是前位限定词,these 是中位限定词)2 二前置定语(pre-attribute) 前置定语即前置修饰语,用到中心词名词之前作定语。常见的有以下几类词或词语: 1形容词、通格名词、所有格名词、代词、数词、单个的过去分词、现在分词或动名词作定语。例如: useful products 有用的产品 rocket plane 发射火箭的飞机 the suns gravity 太阳引力 our task
10、我们的任务 the third world 第三世界 teaching method 教学方法 2复合形容词。例如: the white-haired girl a hard-hearted man the man-made satellite an often -referred-to book a middle-of-the-road politician who-does-what dispute 什么人做什么事的争论3某些用后缀-able ible 构成的派生形容词如 available, acceptable, imaginable, remarkable, undependable
11、, forcible, possible, sensible, visible 等可用做前置定语或后置定语。用做后置定语时通常表示强调;用做前置定语时没有强调意味。例如:I havent yet heard a really forcible argument in favour of the new plan. 我还没有听到赞成这个新计划的真正令人信服的理由。 She is a sensible little girl .他是一个聪明的小女孩。 He spoke with visible impatience. 他说话显然很不耐烦。 He often described himself as
12、 a somewhat undependable machine . 他常常把自己比做一架不大可靠的机器。 4当两个或两个以上的前置定语修饰同一个名词时,这些定语的顺序,以距该名词最近的为1,较远的为2,3,4,5,6 等,列表如下: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1名词中心词 限定词表示其它性质的形容词(描绘性)表示大小、长短,高低的形容词表示形状的形容词表示年龄、新旧的形容词表示颜色的形容词表示国籍、地区、出处等的名词及其派生形容词表示材料基本特征的形容词用作定语的名词 例如:a young physics student 年轻的物理学者(9+5+1+名词) a purple Angor
13、a sweater 紫色的安哥拉运动衫(9+4+3+名词) a high red brick wall 高的红色砖墙(9+7+4+1+名词) those smart brown snakeskin shoes 那些漂亮的棕色的蛇皮皮鞋(9+8+4+1+名词)3her small round pink face 她的小小的圆圆的粉红色的脸(9+7+6+4+名词) his heavy new moral responsibility 他的沉重的新的道德上的责任 (9+8+5+2+名词) the extravagant London social life 奢侈的伦敦社会生活(9+8+3+2+名词)
14、 上述的前置定语的顺序只是一般情况,不能绝对化。影响定语顺序的因素还有:a. 是否带有感情,比如old 带有感情色彩时,通常须移到比较邻近它所修饰的名词。例如:An old grey French lady 一个老年的白发苍苍的法国妇女an grey old French lady 一个白发苍苍年迈的法国妇女 再如:poor同little 连用并带有感情色彩时,须放在其它前置定语的前面。例如: Poor little homeless defenceless child 可怜的幼小的无家可归,无人保护的孩子b. 词的音节数目,单音节词在前,双音节词和多音节词在后。例如:new insupera
15、ble difficulties 新的无法克服的困难a long unintelligible speech 一个冗长的难以理解的讲话 注意:前置定语可以用状语修饰,例如: a very valuable old gold watch 一只很贵重的古老的金表 the most careful consideration 最仔细的考虑 her short dark chestnut hair 她的短的深栗色的头发 a large enough lecture hall 一个很大的讲演厅 三后置定语(post-attribute) 后置定语即放到名词中心词之后的后置修饰语。常用下列词或短语充当:1
16、 形容词或形容词短语a. 来源于法语或拉丁语的形容词如present, elect, plural, proper, royal, singular, total 等在某些固定词组或特定的搭配中,常用做后置定语。例如:all the people present 所有出席的人 (our present task 我们现在的工作)the first person singular 第一人称单数 the architecture proper 建筑物本身(proper answer 适当的回答) sum total 总计 wealth untold 无限的财富b.用前缀a-构成的表语形容词如:af
17、raid, afloat, alive, alike, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake等通常作后置定语,例如:He spoke like a man afraid. 他讲话时有点胆怯。4I am the happiest man alive. 我是现在活着的最幸福的人。From peanuts alone he obtained over 300 products.单从花生中他就提炼出了300多种产品c.某些用后缀-able,-ible构成的派生形容词如:available, acceptable, imaginable, remarkable, undependa
18、ble, forcible, possible, sensible, visible等作后置定语,带有强烈意味。有时其中某些形容词前面有 the only , all, every, most 等修饰语。例如:jobs available 找得到的工作 the only person visible 唯一可见到的人suggestions acceptable 可以接受的建议by every means imaginable 用一切可以想得出的办法the most interesting thing imaginable 再有趣不过的事情d.修饰某些复合不定代词如anything, everyt
19、hing, everyone, no one等的定语需后置。 例如:Something big is about to happen.有件大事要发生了。 There is nothing unusual about my leaving the office early.我很早就离开办公室,没有什么稀奇。They have done anything worth while. 他们做了值得做的事。 This is something unheard of in medical history abroad. 这是在国外医学史上闻所未闻的事。e用作定语的形容词如果有介词短语、不定式短语等修饰,通
20、常后置,例如: He was a man very just in all his dealings with his fellows.他在同朋友的交往中是一个公正的人。 It is a matter too urgent to be put off any longer.这是一件非常紧急的事,不能再拖延了。 f. 表示年龄、性别、大小、好坏等特征的两个成对的形容词作定语,通常后置。例如:Matters large and small had his personal attention.大小事情他都亲自关心。May uttered no words good or bad, but sat
21、quite still.梅好话坏话都没有说,只是静静地坐着。All sorts of fancies bright and dark tenanted my mind.各种不同的幻想,光明的和黑暗的,充满了我的脑海。g. 形容词前面如果有more ,most, so等可后置。例如:He could not have chosen a time more favourable.他找不到更有利的时间。It was an article so difficult that we could not translate it without a dictionary.这是一篇很难的文章,没有词典我们翻
22、译不了。2副词:above, abroad, down, else, here, home, now, out, outside, there, today, tomorrow, up等通常用作后置定语。例如:See also footnote 2 above. 并见上述注2。The mountains , above and below, were white with snow .丛山上下白雪皑皑。Nora called in to see us on her way home from work.诺拉在回家的路上来看了我们。5 The way out is over there. 出去的
23、路在那里。 The people outside started to shout. 外边的人们开始喊叫。 The rocks there are very hot. 那里的岩石是很热的。 The weather tomorrow will be cloudy. 明天的天气将是多云的天气。3 分词短语用作后置定语,有下列两种情况:a. 单个分词作后置定语,带有强烈意味。例如:He gave us a clear idea of the problem involved. 关于涉及的各种问题,他给我们一个清晰的概念。The classification adopted has many adva
24、ntages.采用的分类法有许多优点。 b. 分词短语作定语,须后置。例如: There are some cars waiting. 有一些小汽车在等。When you enter ,please hand your tickets to the man standing at the door.入场时,请将门票交给站在门口的人。He had made a thorough study of all the dialects spoken in Scotland.他对苏格兰说的各种方言进行了彻底的研究。The energy associated with an electron flow i
25、s known as electrical energy.电子流动时所产生的能称为电能。4 不定式、不定式短语和不定式结构用作定语须后置。例如:I know it was the only thing to do.我知道这是唯一要做的事。That is a useful principle to bear in mind.这是一项要记住的有用的原理。There is nothing to stop people inventing new words.无法阻止人们创造新词。There are plenty of toys for the children to play.有许多玩具可共孩子们玩
26、耍。Your plan for me to start early doesnt appeal to me.你要早动身的计划不合我的心意。5介词短语作定语须后置。例如:There is no need for anxiety.没有焦急的必要。 I thought life in an office was very dull.我认为办公室的生活枯燥无味。 All the passengers on board the ship had to pass a medical examination.所有乘船的旅客都必须通过体格检查。 Is this the road to Paris ?这是通到巴
27、黎的路吗? 注意:后置生格指同of短语连用的并放在修饰词后面的生格,通常用于强调被修饰词,有时生格名词及其被修饰词两者同时被强调。例如:It was no fault of the doctors.不是医生的过错。This realism of Carlyles gives a great charm to the writing. 卡来尔的现实主义赋予他的作品以极大的魅力。6定语从句:定语从句在复合句中起定语作用,可以限制、描绘或说明主句中的某一单词、短语或整个主句,一般放在被修饰部分的后面。被定语从句所修饰、描绘或说明的单词、短语或主句叫做先行词。定语从句有关系词把它和主句连接起来。6先行
28、词(1)、单词 通常是名词、代词,有时也可以用形容词,例如: All students who fail will be given another chance.所有考试不及格的同学都将再考一次。Those who have seen it like it very much.看到它的人都非常喜欢它。 He is rich, which I unfortunately am not.他有钱,不幸,我没钱。 (2)、短语,例如: She was fond of her boy, which Smith never was.她喜欢她的孩子,Smith 却从来不是那样。 She is very a
29、ttentive at her lessons, which he rarely was.她很注意听课,可是她很少能够这样。(3、子句He refused to come ,which I had expected.他拒绝来,这是我意料之中的事。 He said he had no time, which isnt true.他说他没有时间,这不是事实。 关系词 (1)关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as, but等在从句中作主语、表语、宾语或定语。(2)关系副词when, where, why等,在从句中作状语。例如:I cant find the l
30、etter that came this morning. The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry.He always comes on those days when I am busy.This is the school where I am going to work . The reason why he failed is still obscure.注意:某些从属连词也引起定语从句,例如:The time before/until he arrived was spent in making preparations.他到达
31、之前的时间用于准备工作。分类限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 (1)限制性定语从句:对主句的意义是不可缺少的,它同主句之间不用逗号分开。例如:Come and see me at a time when I am free.It is said to have been he who brought about the change.(2) 非限制性定语从句:主要是对主句的附加说明,它同主句之间要用逗号分开。例如:His speech ,which bored everyone ,went on and on.Come again tomorrow ,when shall have more
32、time.请你明天在来一趟,明天我有较多的时间。介词同关系代词连用(1)介词 + which/whom ,例如:The house in which we live is not large.7He is a fine fellow, on whom you can absolutely rely.他是一个好人,你可以完全信赖他。(2)介词 + which/whose + 名词,例如:Telephone me at four oclock ,by which time I should have the information. 四点钟打电话给我,我要在这个时候得到报告。He may be u
33、nwilling to lend us the money, in which case we shall try elsewhere.他可能不愿借钱给我们,如果是这样,我们只有去别处借了。He is a man to whose plan I agree .他是我同意其意见的人。(3)名词 + of + which ,例如:The house the roof of which was damaged has now been repaired.A broad river ,the name of which I have forgotten , barred the way.有一条大河挡住
34、了路,河的名字我忘了。(4)代词 + 介词 + which/whom ,例如:The old man has two sons, one of whom is a doctor.I have two grammar books, both of which are rather poor.我有两本语法书,都不很好。(5)介词 + 名词 + of + which/whom, 例如:Here is the dictionary, in the back of which youll a list of proper names这就是那本词典,在它的后面你可以看到一个专有名词表。I will int
35、roduce the candidate in support of whom I wish to speak.我介绍这位侯选人,我要为支持他谈一谈。 四、名词短语的作用名词短语在句中可以作主语、宾语、补足语、状语、同位语等。例如:These apples arent ripe.(主语) I often meet my old school friends.(宾语)Gorge was my best friends。(表语) They elected Nixon President.(宾语补足语)I cant say with certainty what my plans are.(介词宾语)I saw him last Thursday.(状语)A neighbour of yours, Fred Long, will be visiting us this evening.(同位语) 五翻译方法定语一般翻译成“的”放到中心词名词之前;但是有时非限制性定语可以翻译成独立的部分。例如:I am the happiest man alive.我是现在活着的最幸福的人。We went again to Eastbourne, where we had been before.我们又到伊斯特本去,我们从前曾经去过那里。 完8
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