The Industrial Revolution in the United States教学提纲.doc
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1、如有侵权,请联系网站删除,仅供学习与交流The Industrial Revolution in the United States【精品文档】第 4 页英译汉The Industrial Revolution in the United States美国工业革命As it had done in Britain, industrialization brought deep and often distressing shifts to American society. The influence of rural life declined, and the relative econo
2、mic importance of agriculture dwindled. Although the mount of land under cultivation and the number of people earning a living from agriculture expanded, the growth of commerce, manufacturing, and the service industries steadily eclipsed farmings significance. The proportion of the work force depend
3、ent on agriculture shrank constantly from the time of the first federal census in 1790. From that time until the end of the 19th century, farm workers dropped from about 75 percent of the work force to about 40 percent.1.和英国一样,美国工业革命是艰难的,但也使美国社会发生了深刻的变化。乡村生活的地位下降,农业的相对经济地位下滑。虽然耕地面积和以农业为生的人口增加了,但商业、制
4、造业和服务业的增长渐渐地削弱了农业的地位。自1790年第一次联邦人口普查之后,农业人口比例不断下降。从那时起至19世纪末,农民从占劳动者总数的75%下降到40%.1.和英国一样,工业革命给美国社会带来了深刻的,常常是痛苦的变化New technology was introduced in agriculture. The scarcity of labor and the growth of markets for agricultural products encouraged the introduction of machinery to the farms. Machinery in
5、creased productivity so that fewer hands could produce more food per acre. New plows, seed drills, cultivators, mowers, and threshers, as wall as the reaper, all appeared by 1860. Farmers also used limited steam power in the late 19th century, and by about 1905 they began using gasoline-powered trac
6、tors. At about the same time, Americans began to apply science systematically to agriculture, such as by using genetics as a basis for plant breeding. These techniques, plus fertilizers and pesticides, helped to increase farm productivity.1.新技术应用于农业。劳动力的缺乏和农产品市场的扩大促进了机器在农业中的应用。机器提高了生产力,以致用更少的劳动力能使每英
7、亩地产出更多的农产品。到1860年为止,犁、条播机、耕田机、割草机、打谷机和收割机都已经问世了。19世纪晚期,农民已经使用2.有限的蒸汽动力,到1905年左右,他们已经开始使用汽油驱动的拖拉机。与此同时,美国开始把科学系统地应用到农业,如利用基因学进行植物育种。这些技术,化肥和杀虫剂使得农业生产力大大增加。1. 农业引进了新的技术2. 少量的蒸汽动力 As in Britain, the Industrial Revolution in the United States led to major social changes. Urban population grew, rural pop
8、ulation declined, and the nature of labor changed dramatically. As a result of the shift in economic importance from agriculture to manufacturing, American cities grew both in number and in population. From 1860 to 1900 the number of urban areas in the United States expanded fivefold. Even more stri
9、king was the explosion in the growth of big cities. In 1860 there were only 9 American cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants; by 1900 there were 38. Like the British critics of the preceding century, many Americans viewed these industrial and commercial centers as dark and dirty places crowded w
10、ith exploited workers. But whatever the drawbacks of city life, urban growth in the United States was unstoppable, fueled both by the movement of rural Americans and a swelling tide of immigrants from Europe. In 1790 only about 5 percent of the American population lived in cities; today more than 75
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