2--Representation of Power Relationships in The Kite Runner.pdf
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1、US-China Foreign Language, ISSN 1539-8080 January 2014, Vol. 12, No. 1, 17-26 Representation of Power Relationships in The Kite Runner Muhammad Asghar Malik Government Postgraduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan Ghulam Murtaza Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Kazim Shah G
2、overnment College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan The purpose of the present research was to analyze the linguistic manipulation in the novel, The Kite Runner (2003), according to the agenda of CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis). The researchers employed Huckins analytic tools of CDA to make it clea
3、r how the author manipulated the text in favour of his objectives. It was analyzed how the social relations, identity, knowledge, and power were constructed through the use of linguistic devices in the text of the novel. The results of the present research revealed that the writer used specific ling
4、uistic devices to influence the readers to make them accept ideological message contained in the text. He used the text as a tool of propaganda in favour of the Western Agenda in Afghanistan. He employed linguistic manipulation as a powerful instrument for the construction of his version of reality.
5、 This study is an effort tounfold power relations, dominance, oppression, repression, and marginalization in The Kite Runner. It will help the readers in decoding the text manipulation by applying CDA. Keywords: The Kite Runner, text interpretation, CDA, power relations, propaganda, critical thinkin
6、g Introduction In the present research, the text of Khaled Hosseinis novel, The Kite Runner (2003), was analyzed according to the agenda of CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis). This novel wielded the foremost impact on millions of people across America and abroad. The present research attempted to unr
7、avel the power behind the text of the novel. It is an effort to explore what actually the writer communicated to the readers. For this purpose, the authors of this paper examined the social and political context in which the text of the novel was produced (Fairclough, 1995a) keeping in view the curr
8、ent issues of the time, like Islamic fundamentalism and Taliban. The authors investigated whether Hosseinis novel reflects text manipulation to illustrate the atrocities committed by the Taliban, as an instrument of propaganda. The Kite Runner received numerous positive and negative reviews (Al-Sude
9、ary, 2007; Edwards, 2009; Lidyawati, 2010; Luckhardt, 2010). However, linguistic analysis of the text of the novel was the area which was yet to be explored. The authors of this paper analyzed the linguistic manipulation which Hosseini used to materialize his objectives to construct reality. Hossein
10、i employed certain linguistic devices which played a vital role in exchanging ideas between the writer and the reader in natural communication (Malik, Shah, & Mahmood, Muhammad Asghar Malik, assistant professor, English Department, Government Postgraduate College Samanabad. Ghulam Murtaza, lecturer,
11、 English Department, Government College University. Kazim Shah, lecturer, English Linguistics Department, Government College University. DA VID PUBLISHING D REPRESENTATION OF POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE KITE RUNNER 18 2013). These devices were designed to control the ebb and flow of knowledge, belief
12、, narration, and assertion during both planned and unplanned discourse.Instead of employing conventional tools of stylistics and pragmatics (Widdowson, 1975; Iwamoto, 2002), the linguistic analysis of the text of the novel was conducted with reference to CDA (Huckin, 1997). By using analytic tools o
13、f CDA, it was made visible the way in which the novel and its discourse shaped the mind of the reader. It was analyzed how the choice of specific linguistic structures influenced the readers and made them receive ideological message (Guerin, 2007) conveyed in the text of The Kite Runner. The authors
14、 also analyzed why The Kite Runner attracted so powerfully the American readers. The focus of the present study was on how social relations, identity, knowledge, and power were constructed through text manipulation in The Kite Runner. By using Huckins (1997) analytic tools of CDA, it was analyzed ho
15、w the writer of the novel influenced the cognitive structure of the readers (Van Dijk, 2006). For the text interpretation, the insight was sought from the works of major Critical Discourse Analysts (Fairclough, 1992, 1995a, 1995b; Wodak, 2006; Van Dijk, 2005, 2006; Lakoff & Johnson, 1980). CDA is an
16、 electric approach for the data analysis. It should not be considered theory. It revealed the techniques which the writer used to influence cognitive structure of the readers. For text analysis, the chief assumption of CDA that makes the approach different from that of others is that it decodes not
17、only propositional meaning of the text but also its ideological assumptions. The writer chooses specific linguistic structures to influence the readers in order to make them receive the ideological message conveyed in the text. Sheyholislami (2001) thought that text is not arbitrary. It is purposefu
18、l whether the choices are conscious or unconscious. Fairclough (1995a) argued that people exert power through conversation. Foucault (1989) considered power as a prevalent force which establishes symmetrical relationships. It prevails over the entire society and is not controlled by any particular g
19、roup. But, contrary to this, Fairclough (1995a) believed in the relationship of power as asymmetrical, unequal, and empowering. It belongs to a particular group or class. Van Dijk (2006) thought that CDA analysts must have a clear socio-political position. Their works are based on political criticis
20、m of those who are responsible for the production of ascendency and social inequalities. They discuss elite groups who are in power, ordain social inequalities and injustices, continue and legitimize them. On the basis of his interdisciplinary attitude, he labels his methodology as socio-cognitive d
21、iscourse analysis. Wodak (2006) considered written and spoken language as a form of social behaviour. She acknowledged the intricacy of the relationship between language and society. ZHAO (2011) said that CDA not only describes and explains texts but also helps to root out a particular kind of delus
22、ion. He believed that texts, as elements of social events, bring about changes in the society. Guerin (2007) also realized the importance of social context for the study of linguistic devices. He favoured the ways to integrate linguistic and social analysis. The present study will not only develop a
23、n awareness of forms of language but also explore a wider range of language impacts in our daily lives. It provides an analytical way of learning about Afghan history and culture in the context of story. In the present research, Huckins (1997) analytic tools of CDA were used for the text interpretat
24、ion of the novel, The Kite Runner. The authors of this paper selected Huckins (1997) analytic tools for text analysis, because they provide a framework of text analysis according to the agenda of CDA. Moreover, they provide data which were used both at macro level to reveal the “big picture” of asym
25、metrical power relationship and at micro level to analyze the role of the linguistic devices in the novel. In this research, the data were REPRESENTATION OF POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN THE KITE RUNNER 19collected from the detailed analysis of the text of the said novel to answer the following research qu
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