管理会计 (61).pdf

Functional budgets Sales budget The sales budget is the plan for the volume of sales, in quantities and sales revenue. Unless there is a production limiting factor, the sales budget is the starting point for preparing the master budget. Companies use a variety of s to estimate sales Previous sales trends; Trade journals and magazines; Sales force estimates. 2 Production budget Production must be adequate to meet budgeted sales and provide for sufficient ending inventory. Forecast sales closing inventory of finished goods - opening inventory of finished goods Budgeted production 3 4 Material budget The material usage budget is the budgeted production for each product multiplied by the quantity required to produce one unit of the product. The material purchase budget is made up of the following elements. Material usage budget closing inventory - opening inventory Material purchase budget Example Preparing functional budgets A company wishes to calculate a functional budget for the forthcoming period. Ination is as follows Product A B Materials required X kg 2 3 Y litres 1 4 Labour hours required Skilled hours 4 2 Semi skilled hours 2 5 Sales level units 2,000 1,500 Opening stocks units 100 200 5 Example Preparing functional budgets Closing stock of materials and finished goods will be sufficient to meet 10 of demand. Opening stocks of material X was 300 kg and for material Y was 1,000 litres. Material prices are 10 per kg for material X and 7 per litre for material Y. Labour costs are 12 per hour for the skilled workers and 8 per hour for the semi skilled workers. 6 Example Preparing functional budgets Required Produce the following budgets a production units; b materials usage kg and litres; c materials purchases kg, litres and ; and d labour hours and . 7 Solution to example Preparing functional budgets. a Production budget Product A Product B units units Budgeted sales 2,000 1,500 Opening stock 100 200 Closing stock 10 of sales demand 200 150 Production 2,100 1,450 8 bMaterial usage budget Material X Material Y kg Litres Usage requirements To produce 2,100 units of A 4,200 2,100 To produce 1,450 units of B 4,350 5,800 8,550 7,900 9 cMaterial purchases budget Material X Material Y kg Litres Usage 8,550 7,900 Opening stock 300 1,000 Closing stockW 850 800 Material purchases budget 9,100 7,700 Cost per unit 10 7 Material purchases cost 91,000 53,900 Working for material closing stock Material X2,000*21,500*3*10850 Material Y2,000*11,500*4*10800 10 dDirect labour budget Skilled Semi-skilled hours hours Production requirements Product A 8,400 4,200 Product B 2,900 7,250 Total hours required 11,300 11,450 Standard rate per hour 12 8 Direct labour cost 135,600 91,600 11 END