尼日尔西南部:防止新的叛乱阵线.docx
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1、Table of ContentsExecutive SummaryiI. Introduction1The Escalation of Cross-border Banditry2II. Toward New Forms of Violence?4A. The Crisis of Pastoralism and Its Repercussions 4B. Communal Banditry? 6C. The Formation of Self-defenceGroups7Toward a Third Jihadist Hub in Niger?9A. Jihadist Influences
2、from the Sahara 9B. Jihadist Influences in Nigeria 11Security without Stabilisation14III. Preventing the Spread 16A. Mitigating Factors of Insurgency among Herders 16B. Preventing the Degradation of Communal Relations 17C. Securing the Territory and Demobilising Bandits 18VIL Conclusion 19APPENDICES
3、Map of the South-western Niger Border Zone20A. About the International Crisis Group 21Crisis Group Reports and Briefings on Africa since 201822B. Crisis Group Board of Trustees25unaware of their legal recourse, or too poor to pay for legal services. The paralegal networks that serve rural Mali are s
4、till insufficiently developed in Niger. Paralegals are civilians trained in law who provide legal assistance to populations that otherwise lack it. They must be familiar with local sociological realities to gain the residents, acceptance. They are quite well organised in Mali, though less so in othe
5、r Sahel states. uBesoins et satisfaction en matiere de justice au Mali”, The Hague Institute for Innovation of Law, 2018.Most Fulani pastoralists are no longer able to live off livestock alone, and some adopt an agropastoral way of life if they can. Some Fulani are becoming more or less sedentary. O
6、thers are abandoning the pastoral world altogether. Yet they are poorly prepared for vocational retraining, and their professional prospects are limited, as they have less schooling than sedentary people. As the alternatives are few, a small number of pastoralists fall into banditry.B. Communal Band
7、itry?For many Fulani herders in this region Joining the bandits is simply a way of dealing with the herding crisis, protecting themselves from cattle theft and sometimes attaining a position of power. This trend was already significant in Nigeria and is now spreading into Niger. It leads, in turn, t
8、o the stigmatisation of Fulani pastoralists and strains communal relations.Particularly in north-western Nigeria, bandits are often seen as successful men: in a few months or years, formerly impoverished herders who took up banditry have become owners of several hundred or even thousand head of live
9、stock. With the power granted by weapons and money, they set the rules for using local lands. In north-western Nigeria, it can be necessary for herders to join the bandits simply to ensure their own safety and to protect their herds. aIn Nigeria, the bandits laugh at herders who have not joined thei
10、r ranks and call them weak,notes a cross-border herder. Crisis Group interview, Madaoua-based herder, Maradi, 11 October 2020.7In Niger, similar behaviours are developing. While most Fulani bandits remain simple criminals, others pose as defenders of the community and have become respected local fig
11、ures. In the aftermath of the above-mentioned Bangui conflict, a Fulani bandit leader, originally from that locality and operating in Niger, contacted several Fulani notables living nearby to offer them his protection services. They refused, aware that settling would not be to their advantage consid
12、ering Banguis majority Hausa population and the presence of defence and security forces. Crisis Group interviews, Bangui massacre victims, Maradi, 10 October 2020. In some cases, Fulani public figures, some of whom are bandits, intervened to secure the release of kidnapped Fulani, proving that bandi
13、try does not break communal ties. Crisis Group interviews, Hausa and Fulani public figures ofhigh standing, Maradi, 10-12 October 2020. Ibid. Fulani bandits tend to target Hausa and spare fellow Fulani.29 In the Maradi areas of Guidan- Roumdji and Madarounfa, the bandits attacked the Hausa villages,
14、 while leaving the Fulani hamlets and encampments be. Those Fulani whom the bandits do target are often those who refuse to join their ranks or are suspected of giving information to the authorities.3 Fulani villages reportedly protect themselves from attack by providing recruits to the local bandit
15、s.31The Hausa have come to perceive banditry as particularly widespread among the Fulani, especially in Maradi, the most affected region to date. Communal relations, which were previously healthy, as evidenced by numerous mixed marriages, are deteriorating. Fear is setting in: while some Fulani are
16、leaving their hamlets, others no longer frequent Hausa villages.32The Formation of Self-defence GroupsIn north-western Nigeria, the recent wave of murderous banditry has led to the formation of numerous self-defence groups and armed militias.33 The phenomenon is especially noticeable in sedentary co
17、mmunities of Hausa farmers. Some of these groups were formed very recently, either on a voluntary basis or with the encouragement of local authorities who recruited and armed village-based self-defence units.34 Others are rooted in the hunting and other brotherhoods of traditional society. Since the
18、 1950s at least, the latter have been tasked with protecting people and propertys Confronted with the extreme violence of bandits operating in north-western Nigeria, they have gradually become militarised and now stand accused of various abuses.332 Ibid.33 See Crisis Group Report, Violence in Nigeri
19、as North West: Rolling Back the Mayhem, op. cit.34 Zamfara to recruit 8,500 youth as JTF members,Premium Times, 1 November 2018.35 See Miroc Gopfert, Security in Niamey: An Anthropological Perspective on Policing and an Act of Terrorism in Niger”, Journal of Modern African Studies, vol. 50, no. 1 (2
20、012).36 Aghali, uLe bien, securite dans trois communes, op. cit.37 Crisis Group interviews, NGO official, defence and security forces, Maradi, 10-11 October 2020.38 Crisis Group interviews, public figures of high standing from Madarounfa, Maradi, 10-11 October 2020.39 Ibid.40 Between June and Novemb
21、er 2020, nineteen attacks were recorded in Tibiri and fifteen in Gabi; since August, ten attacks have occurred in Safo. Other municipalities are targeted to a lesser extent, notably Dan Issa, but also Toda, Dan Abdallah and Sarkin Yamma, as well as other municipalities in Madarounfa and Guidan-Roumd
22、ji departments.Following the Nigerian example, communal self-defence groups appear to be forming in south-western Niger. Indeed, the Nigerien side has recently witnessed the birth of self-defence groups tasked with combating banditry. Still at a fledgling stage, most do not have a specific name. The
23、y exist in almost every village in Gabi municipality (Madarounfa department), because banditry has hit this area hard and the state has been unable to protect its inhabitants. In some villages in Tibiri and Safo municipalities (Guidan-Roumdji department), which have been similarly affected by the at
24、tacks, self-defence groups equipped with traditional rifles have also reportedly emerged.37For the time being, local authorities and the armed forces appreciate these groups help. They receive support from local elected officials, who contribute to the purchase of artisanal weapons costing 5,000 CFA
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