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1、科英第二次课件现在学习的是第1页,共61页句子的阅读策略句子的阅读策略现在学习的是第2页,共61页科技英语句子阅读技巧科技英语句子阅读技巧 一.句子成分分析 二.认清省略关系 三.认清指代关系 四.认清修饰关系 五.抓住关联词语现在学习的是第3页,共61页现在学习的是第4页,共61页 我们的血液外观是红色的液体,但在显微镜下它看起来却像稻草似的灰白色。在血液中有成千上万微小的、盘形的细胞、红血球在浮动。现在学习的是第5页,共61页l例如:l-The specific gravity of steel is 7.8,of lead 11.4 and aluminium 2.6.l-The log
2、arithm of 10 is 1;of 100,2;of 0.001,-3.现在学习的是第6页,共61页l两句可分别译为:“钢的比重为7.8,铅(的比重)为11.4,铝(的比重)为2.6”和“10的对数等于1,100的对数等于2,0.001的对数等于-3”。现在学习的是第7页,共61页l三 认清指代关系l例如:l-When they are dissolved in water,some kinds of molecules do,and some do not,remain intact.Those that do not remain intact break up into ions.
3、现在学习的是第8页,共61页 “当某些分子放到水中溶解时,有些分子保持不变;而那些己溶于水的分子分解为离子”。现在学习的是第9页,共61页l四 认清修饰关系l例如:l-Since all compounds are electrically neutral,there also must be a species in the oxidation-reduction reactions that gains electrons.现在学习的是第10页,共61页l译文:因为一切化合物都不带电,所以在氧化还原反应中也一定有一种物质是获得电子的。现在学习的是第11页,共61页l五 抓住关联词语l最常用
4、的关联词有:l1)表递进关系:also,besides,apart from,in addition to,moreover,furthermore,in other wordsl2)表因果关系:accordingly,hence,due to,as a result(of),so,therefore,thus,as a consequence(of),consequently,so that,for,because of,owing to,on account of现在学习的是第12页,共61页l3)表条件关系:if,when,unless,provided that,providing t
5、hat,on condition that l4)表对比关系:but,though,although,still,yet,however,instead,in spite of,on the other hand,not only,despite,even though,in contrast现在学习的是第13页,共61页l5)表比较关系:like,unlike,likewise,in the same way,in the same manner,similarlyl6)表可能关系:possibly,probably,perhaps,likely现在学习的是第14页,共61页l7)表强调关系
6、:above all,really,in effect,particularly,especially,in particular,in the final analysis,as a matter of fact,more important(ly)l8)表次序关系:in the beginning,after,first,second,later,then,next,later on,eventually,ultimately,finally,subsequently,last,last but not least现在学习的是第15页,共61页l9)表例举关系:for example,fo
7、r instance,in one instance,in this instance,as an example,that is,namely,such as,takefor example,l10)表示归纳与总结:in one word,on the whole,all in all,in conclusion现在学习的是第16页,共61页表示作者观点和文章内容的常用语句表示作者观点和文章内容的常用语句l常用词:ldeal with 论及,涉及 ldescribe 阐述 lexplain 解释 lillustrate 说明 lintroduce 引入,介绍 lpresent 给出 lrep
8、ort 给出 现在学习的是第17页,共61页例句:1.The physical and chemical properties of the crystal are dealt with.论及了此晶体的物理化学性质。2.Performance goals and measuring methods are briefly described.简述了性能目标与测量方法。现在学习的是第18页,共61页3.Research and development tools are introduced immediately.引入了研究和开发的工具4.The basic concepts and data
9、 collected are presented.给出了基本概念和收集的数据。现在学习的是第19页,共61页5.The chain reaction of uranium nuclei caused by neutrons is explained by the critical experiment.临界实验解释了由中子引起铀核的链式反应。现在学习的是第20页,共61页6.The applications of this technique to inner metal detection are illustrated.说明了这种技术对金属内部探测的应用。现在学习的是第21页,共61页文章
10、研究课题的常用语句文章研究课题的常用语句l常用词:lanalyse,分析 lconsider,认为,考虑 ldevelop,导出(导出公式,开发产品)ldiscuss,讨论 linvestigate,研究 lstate,叙述,阐述 lstudy.研究,学习现在学习的是第22页,共61页 例句:1.The main experimental problems are also analyzed with such ultra-low-frequency measurements.用这种超低频测量也分析了主要的实验问题。现在学习的是第23页,共61页2.The phenomena associat
11、ed with breakdown phase are considered as initial conditions.与破损阶段有关的现象被认为是初始条件。现在学习的是第24页,共61页3.A lumped parameter for concrete-structure interaction is developed.导出了混凝土结构相互作用的集总参数。现在学习的是第25页,共61页4.Some application of the two-phase flow in reactors are briefly discussed.简要地讨论了反应堆里两相流的一些应用现在学习的是第26页
12、,共61页5.A particular system is investigated numerically.对一特定系统进行了数值性研究。6.The relationship between mass and energy in nature is stated briefly.简述了自然界中质量与能量的关系。现在学习的是第27页,共61页7.The continuity of this function is studied under a certain boundary condition.研究了这个函数在某一边界条件下的连续性。现在学习的是第28页,共61页文章涉及范围的语句l常用词
13、:lConsist of 由 组成 lContain 包含 lCover 包含,包括,涉及到 lInclude 包含,包括 现在学习的是第29页,共61页l例句:例句:1.This article consists of four parts;introduction,theory,experimental,and conclusion.l本文由引言、理论、实验方法与结论四部分组成。现在学习的是第30页,共61页 2.The configuration,structural design and results of a parameteric structural optimization
14、analysis are contained.本文包含一种参数结构优化分析的构成、结构设计和结果。现在学习的是第31页,共61页3.Testing results of about 200 assemblies of fuel and control rods in the reactor core are contained.本文包括了反应堆堆芯里约200个带燃料棒和控制棒的组件的测试结果。现在学习的是第32页,共61页5.Asphaltic products and specifications are covered in the scope of the research.本研究的范围
15、涉及沥青产品和规格。现在学习的是第33页,共61页综述与概括某领域研究课题的常用语句l常用词:lAbstract 撰写摘要lOutline 概要叙述lReview 评述lSummary 简要概述,总结现在学习的是第34页,共61页l例句:1.All the operating procedures,such as general procedures(GP),abnormal operating procedures(AOP),emergency operating procedures(EOP),are abstracted.所有的运行规程如总规程(GP)、异常运行规程(AOP)、应急运行规
16、程(EOP)都撰写了摘要。现在学习的是第35页,共61页2.The experimental technique for the measurement of theses properties is outlined only.对衡量这些特性的实验技术仅做了概要叙述。3.The development of the computer aided design(CAD)in mechanical engineering is reviewed.评述了在机械工程中计算机辅助设计(CAD)的发展过程。现在学习的是第36页,共61页4.The theory based on materials sc
17、ience is summarized.l简要概述了基于材料科学的理论。5.The design planning to be used is summarized in detail.l详细的总结了要采用的设计规则。现在学习的是第37页,共61页文章重点的常用语句l常用词:be,concentrate,focus,give,payl常用句型:lAttention is concentrated on 重点是lThere is a focus on,重视,集中 lAttention is paid to,重视lThe emphasis is on,重点 现在学习的是第38页,共61页例句:1.
18、Attention is concentrated on grasping the basic theory.l重点是在掌握基础理论上。2.Attention is concentrated on extending the lead time to 24 hours。l重点是把超前时间延长到24个小时。现在学习的是第39页,共61页3.More attention is paid to the evaluation of the economic current density in the conductors.l很重视对导体中的经济电流密度的评估。4.The greatest empha
19、sis is also placed on the implications of attitudes taken toward nuclear power.l重点还在于对核电所采取的态度。现在学习的是第40页,共61页5.There is a focus on energy-saving everywhere now.l现在到处都重视节能。6.The research is focused on collisions between neutrons and uranium nuclei.l本文集中研究中子与铀原子核的碰撞。现在学习的是第41页,共61页例句:例句:7.Particular
20、attention is given to the start-up procedure of nuclear reactor operations.l特别重视核反应堆运行的启动规程。8.The greatest emphasis is on the peaceful utilization of nuclear energy.l极其重视核能的和平利用。现在学习的是第42页,共61页文章目的常用语句l常用词:lAim 目的lObjective 目标,对象,物体lPurpose 目的lSeek 寻求,追求l 现在学习的是第43页,共61页3.The aim of this research is
21、 to carry out the critical experiment and obtain important critical parameters on the zero power reactor.l此研究的目的是在零功率反应堆上进行临界实验,并获得重要的临界参数。4.The main objective of this study is to determine the nuclear properties of graphite as reactor moderators.l本研究的主要目标是确定反应堆减速剂石磨的核特性。现在学习的是第44页,共61页5.An answer t
22、o this question is sought for many investigatorsl许多研究者在寻求这个问题的答案。6.This paper seeks to justify the remedial measures in terms of the final safety analysis report.l本文追求的目标是从最终安全分析报告的角度来论证这些补救措施的正确性。现在学习的是第45页,共61页7.The purpose for this study is to show that the method mentioned before is promising.l本
23、研究的目的就是要表明先前提到的方法有前途。8.The purpose of this research is to obtain the heavy concrete of much higher stability.l本研究的目的就是要获得具有高稳定性的混凝土。现在学习的是第46页,共61页 段落的阅读策略段落的阅读策略现在学习的是第47页,共61页段落的阅读策略段落的阅读策略l找出主题l找出中心思想l找出主要支持性细节l找出次要支持性细节现在学习的是第48页,共61页l例如:lAnimals produce a wide variety of sounds.Birds whistle,po
24、rpoises click,wolves howl,and gorillas produce a drumlike sound as they beat their chests.The list is almost endless.现在学习的是第49页,共61页l例如:lLatex is collected from the trees by tapping.Workers cut a narrow slanting groove about halfway around the trunk.It is just deep enough to pierce the living layers
25、 of cells beneath the bark.At the bottom of the cut a metal spout is attached,and below it,a cup.The milky white latex oozes from the cut and drips into the cup.现在学习的是第50页,共61页l又如:lThe largest icebergs in the north are one-half to one mile in length and may show 300 feet of ice above the water.Since
26、 only about one-ninth of the total iceberg is visible above water,such icebergs actually may attain heights of up to 2,700 feet.The greatest of all icebergs are those that are broken off the Antarctic glaciers.Some of these icebergs are over forty miles in length and a thousand feet thick.They are u
27、sually flat at the top and bottom,and are described as tabular.现在学习的是第51页,共61页l2)归类性细节。了解归类时常用的一些路标词(signal words/pointer words),如as follows,furthermore,moreover,also,and,either or,neither nor,in addition,first,second,next,for one thing,for another等。现在学习的是第52页,共61页l3)解释性细节。标示解释性细节的常用词语有:in other wor
28、ds,that is,that is to say,namely,or,to be more specific,more specifically,to be more exact等。现在学习的是第53页,共61页l4)例举性细节。例举时常用的信号词有:for example,for instance,as an illustration,such as,include,a case in point is,include/including等。现在学习的是第54页,共61页l5)比较或对比性细节。常与这类细节连用的路标词有:like,unlike,similarly,in the same
29、way,in the same manner,likewise,however,nevertheless,yet,but,although,on the contrary,on the other hand,in contrast等。现在学习的是第55页,共61页l6)因果关系性细节。表示因果关系时常用的路标词有:if,in consequence,consequently,so,as a result,therefore,thereby,for this reason,thus,since,because,accordingly,hence,the effect,the result,why
30、等。现在学习的是第56页,共61页l7)归纳性细节。常用的路标词有:in one word,on the whole,in conclusion,in brief,in short等。现在学习的是第57页,共61页l下面是一个有关例举性细节的段落:l(1)Many scientists believe that life on earth will eventually end.(2)The oxygen supply in our atmosphere,for example,has been gradually decreasing and will be used up in a bil
31、lion years.(3)Other fates may overtake us before that time.(4)The sun may explode,as other stars occasionally do,destroying life in an instant.(5)Or another star may pass so close as to disrupt the gravitational pull between the sun and the earth and shift the earth closer to the sun,where it will f
32、ace destruction from the intense heat.现在学习的是第58页,共61页四四.找出次要支持性细节找出次要支持性细节现在学习的是第59页,共61页l。例如:l(1)The purification of water is basically a two-step or three-step process carried out under the strict supervision of public-health scientists and engineers.(2)As the first step,natural water from the lea
33、st contaminated source is allowed to stand in large reservoirs,where most of the mud,silt,and clay settle out;this is called“sedimentation.”(3)Often,in water with high mud content,lime and aluminum sulphate are added to the water in the setting reservoirs.(4)These chemicals react in the water to for
34、m aluminum hydroxide,which settles slowly and carries much of the suspended material,including most of the bacteria,to the bottom of the reservoirs.现在学习的是第60页,共61页l(5)As the second step,the water is filtered through beds of sand and gravel,which remove other impurities and chemicals in it.(6)During
35、or after filtration,antibiotic chemicals are ordinarily added to the water to kill any remaining harmful bacteria.(7)Chlorine is one of the most common chemicals used for this purpose.(8)A third step taken by some municipalities is adding to the water other beneficial chemicals such as fluoride to make tooth enamel hard,and soda ash to make the water itself soft.(9)The water purification process,carried out with little variation from one large city to another,is perhaps the biggest factor in the prevention of major outbreaks of disease.现在学习的是第61页,共61页
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