(5.8)--植物检疫2019-insects-Fangetal.pdf
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1、insectsArticleThe Effects of a Cold Disinfestation on Bactroceradorsalis Survival and Navel Orange QualityYan Fang1,2,Fenfen Kang1,2,Guoping Zhan3,Chen Ma4,Yuguang Li1,Lin Wang1,Yadong Wei2,Xiwu Gao1,Zhihong Li1and Yuejin Wang1,3,*1Department of Entomology,College of Plant Protection,China Agricultu
2、ral University,Beijing 100193,China;yanfang_(Y.F.);(F.K.);(Y.L.);SY(L.W.);(X.G.);(Z.L.)2The Animal,Plant&FoodstuffInspection Center,Tianjin Customs,Tianjin 300461,China;3Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine,Beijing 100123,China;4National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center,Beijing 100125,
3、China;*Correspondence:;Tel.:+86-010-62841330Received:6 November 2019;Accepted:12 December 2019;Published:13 December 2019?Abstract:Citrus sinensis(L.)Osbeck is an important economic product in South China,but thepresence of quarantine pests in this product proposes the potential threat to internatio
4、nal tradesecurity.To find a proper phytosanitary cold treatment for Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)(Diptera:Tephritidae),commonly called oriental fruit fly,one of the most serious quarantine insects in navelorange,eggs in petri dish and larvae in navel orange fruits were exposed to a 1.7C cold chamberfo
5、r 011 days to compare the tolerance to cold treatment.The 2nd instar larva(4 days)is the mosttolerant stage,and the estimated time for 99.9968%mortality at the 95%confidence level is 11.3(9.5,14.6)days.Then 15 days was selected as the target time for the confirmatory tests,resulting in nosurvivors f
6、rom 37,792 treated larvae with the efficacy of 99.9921%mortality at the 95%confidencelevel.The quality assessments were conducted to compare the effect on the navel orange fruit betweencold treatment and the conventional cold storage.Results indicated that the cold treatment did notnegatively affect
7、 the fruit quality.Therefore,this cold treatment showed potential as a commercialquarantine treatment for navel orange in international trade.Keywords:Bactrocera dorsalis;navel orange;ecofriendly pest management;mortality;fruit quality1.IntroductionThe oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel),
8、is one of the worlds most damaging pests andcauses trade restrictions on fresh fruits 13.This pest has previously been recorded to have a widerange of hosts with more than 400 plant species in a list published by the United States Department ofAgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection Service(US
9、DA-APHIS)4.B.dorsalis is a highlyinvasive species and is an important quarantine pest in Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission(APPPC),European Plant Protection Organization(EPPO),Caribbean Plant Protection Commission(CPPC),Comitde Sanidad Vegetal del Cono Sur(COSAV),Inter-African Phytosanitar
10、y Council(IAPSC),and Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria(OIRSA).As of now,the fruitfly has been reported in at least 65 countries,including most of Asia,much of sub-Saharan Africa,parts of America,Oceania,and Europe 58.The navel orange(“Gannan”variety),Citrus sinensis(L.)Osbeck,
11、is famous worldwide for its high quality.In 2018,the navel orange industry achieved a totaloutput value of nearly 2 billion dollars in China and outside markets,employed 1 million rural laborInsects 2019,10,452;doi:10.3390/ 2019,10,4522 of 10workers on 104,000 ha that produced 1,170,000 tons 9.Unfor
12、tunately,B.dorsalis is a potential pest inthe navel orange,threatening the safety of the navel orange export 5.Theriskofintroducingexoticpestsintonewareasisrisinginthewakeoftheincreasingagriculturaltrade,and the development of postharvest treatment to control insects in commodities can improvethe qu
13、arantine security and expedite new trade in agricultural products.The main pest managementapproaches for eliminating exotic insects from a commodity are applied broadly as chemical andphysical treatments.These include fumigants,temperature treatments(heat and cold),irradiation,controlled atmospheres
14、,and combinations of these 10.Methyl bromide fumigation is the mostcommon approach for controlling exotic pests but is expected to be replaced by physical treatmentsbecause of methyl bromide depleting the ozone layer 10.Physical treatments are typically applied tofresh fruits because these commoditi
15、es are infested by internally feeding pests,such as tephritid fruitflies,and cold treatment is an effective measure in cold-tolerant commodities 11,12.The pupa andadult stages of tephritid fruit flies may hardly be found in infested fruit,and phytosanitary treatmentstarget the egg and larval stages
16、for disinfestation 13.Research studies have demonstrated that cold disinfestation is an effective approach in controllingBactrocera zonata(Saunders)in orange 14,15;Bactrocera invadens(Drew,Tsuruta,and White)(synonymof B.dorsalis)in orange,and“Hass”avocado 1517;Zeugodacus cucurbitae(Coquillett)(forme
17、rBactrocera cucurtitae(Coquillett)in navel orange 13;Bactrocera tryoni(Froggatt)in lemon,orange,mandarin,and blueberry 1820;Ceratitis capitata(Wiedemann)in kiwifruit,litchi,lemon,orange,mandarin,grape,pepper,“Hass”avocado,and navel orange 13,2026;Ceratitis rosa(Karsch)in“Hass”avocado 26;Ceratitis co
18、syra(Walker)in“Hass”avocado 26;Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)in potato 27;and Pseudococcus affinis(Maskell)on Royal Gala Apple 28.The effective lethal timevalue for cold disinfestation was dependent on the type of insect and fruit 29.Furthermore,earlierresearches have compared the difference of the
19、 tolerance to cold treatment between fruit flies 13,30,31.Until now,many cold treatment standards have been widely used internationally 32,33.Traditionally,a treatment protocol should provide quarantine security for a pest with minimalimpact on commodity quality 10,34.An integrated quarantine treatm
20、ent first with exposure to 1.5Cfor3daysandsecondwithexposuretoacontrolledatmosphereat25Ccouldcompleteinsectmortalitywith no negative effects on the quality of“Clemenules”mandarins 35.Hofman et al.reported that anintegrated treatment with hot water of 41C for 2530 min,or 42C for 25 min following 16 d
21、ays at1C,could improve the external and internal fruit quality of avocado and control fruit flies 36.Otherdata showed that 6C for 3 days,followed by 1C for 16 days,improves ripe“Hass”avocado fruitquality,with no negative effects,while also providing B.tryoni disinfestation efficacy 37.Among thetreat
22、ments accepted for quarantine measures,cold disinfestation is an effective approach in controllingpests that are present in fresh fruits 32,33.However,the treatment also needs to meet the requirementsfor minimal impact on commodity quality.The objective of this study was to compare the cold toleranc
23、e of the different life stages of B.dorsalisthat infest navel orange and determine the minimum number of days of cold treatment that providesquarantine security with no negative effects on navel orange quality.2.Materials and Methods2.1.Test InsectsThe original population of B.dorsalis that was used
24、 in this experiment was collected from waxapple in Chongzuo,China,in 2017 and 2018.This species is maintained at the Chinese Academy ofInspection and Quarantine in Beijing,China,and reared on a standard diet modified from Liu et al.38.This fruit fly colony has been maintained for nearly 1 year with
25、the occasional inclusion of wild flies.Insects 2019,10,4523 of 102.2.Fruit InfestationThe navel oranges,(“Gannan”variety)originating from the Gannan area,were sourced fromJinyuanbao Binhai agricultural product transaction market in Tianjin,China,and were stored at 4.0C.The fruits did not receive dir
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