人工智能原理人工智能原理 (4).pdf
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1、Principles of Artificial Intelligence1The State of The ArtPrinciples of Artificial Intelligence2 1.4.1 Categories of Artificial Intelligence 1.4.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence 1.4.3 Typical Papers on Artificial IntelligenceContentsPrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction3
2、 Humanlyto measure success in terms of fidelity to human performance.类人地:以对人类表现的逼真度来衡量。Rationallyto measure against an ideal performance measure.理性地:用理想的性能表现来衡量。A system is rational if it does the right thing,given what it knows.一个系统如果对已知的知识做出正确的动作,则被称为理性。Four Categories of AI1.4.1.Categories of Art
3、ificial IntelligenceHumanlyRationallyActingActing humanlyActing rationallyThinkingThinking humanlyThinking rationallyPrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction4 Acting humanly Kurzweil,1990:To perform functions that require intelligence performed by people.完成需要人类智能所能完成的功能。Rich and Kni
4、ght,1991:To make computers do things at which,at the moment,people are better.使计算机去做此时此地人类才能做好的事情。Acting rationally Poole et al.,1998:Computational Intelligence is the study to design intelligent agents.计算智能是研究如何设计智能体。Nilsson,1998:AI is concerned with intelligent behavior in artifacts.AI是关注于用人工手段去实现
5、智能行为。Eight Definitions for four Categories of AI1.4.1.Categories of Artificial IntelligencePrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction5 Thinking humanly Bellman,1978:The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking 我们与人类思维相关活动的自动化 Haugeland,1985:The new effort to make
6、 computers think machines with minds 新的努力使计算机思考 机器具有智力 Thinking rationally Charniak and McDermott,1985:The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models.通过使用计算模型进行心智能力的研究。Winston,1992:To make computer possible to perceive,reason,and act.使计算机能够感知、推理、以及动作。Eight Definitions for four
7、 Categories of AI1.4.1.Categories of Artificial IntelligencePrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction6 Weak AI Also called Artificial Narrow Intelligence(ANI).弱人工智能:也被称为人工狭义智能(ANI)。It is non-sentient AI that is focused on one narrow task(just a specific problem).它是无意识的AI,专注于一个具体的任务(仅
8、针对一个特定的问题)。Strong AI Also called Artificial General Intelligence(AGI).强人工智能:也被称为人工广义智能(AGI)。It means a machine with the ability to apply intelligence to any problem.It is a primary goal of artificial intelligence research.意味着机器具有将智能用于处理任何问题的能力。它是人工智能研究的主要目标。Weak AI vs.Strong AI vs.Super AI1.4.1.Cate
9、gories of Artificial IntelligencePrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction7 Super AI Also called Artificial Super Intelligence(ASI).超人工智能:亦称人工超级智能(ASI)。It is a hypothetical agent that possesses intelligence far surpassing that of the brightest and most gifted human minds.是一个假定的智能体,拥有
10、远远超过聪明和最有天赋的人类大脑的智能。Also refer to a property of problem-solving systems,e.g.,super intelligent language translators or engineering assistants.也指的是问题求解系统的特性,例如,超级智能语言翻译器或工程助理。Weak AI vs.Strong AI vs.Super AI1.4.1.Categories of Artificial IntelligencePrinciples of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introd
11、uction8Computer visionImage processingVR,AR and MRPattern recognitionIntelligent DiagnosisGame theory and Strategic planningGame AI and GamebotMachine TranslationNatural language processing,and ChatbotNonlinear control,and RoboticsTypical Problems to Which AI is Applied1.4.2.Applications of Artifici
12、al Intelligence计算机视觉图像处理VR,AR 和 MR模式识别智能诊断博弈论和策略规划AI游戏和游戏机器人机器翻译自然语言处理和聊天机器人非线性控制和机器人技术Principles of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction9Other Fields in Which AI is Implemented1.4.2.Applications of Artificial IntelligenceArtificial lifeAutomated reasoningAutomationBiological computingConcept
13、 miningData miningKnowledge representationSemantic WebE-mail spam filteringLitigation智能生活自动推理自动化生物计算概念计算数据挖掘知识表示语义Web垃圾邮件过滤诉讼Principles of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction10Other Fields in Which AI is Implemented1.4.2.Applications of Artificial IntelligenceRoboticsBehavior-based robotics
14、CognitiveCyberneticsDevelopment roboticsEvolutionary roboticsHybrid intelligent systemIntelligent agentIntelligent Control机器人学混合人工智能智能代理智能控制Principles of Artificial Intelligence:Basics:Introduction11“A Global Geometric Framework for Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction”.SCIENCE,Vol.290,Dec.2000.“一种用于非
15、线性降维的全局几何框架”Joshua Tenenbaum,Vin Silva,John Langford.1.4.3.Typical Papers on Artificial Intelligence“Here we describe an approach to solving dimensionality reduction problems that uses easily measured local metric information to learn the underlying global geometry of a data set.”Isomap(Isometric Fe
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