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1、Unit 1Check your understanding1. F 2. F 3. F 4. TIn-Class Activities1. (1) No. Since the foreign language learners dont have the same linguistic environment as the native speakers do, they cannot develop their language awareness or intuition as the latter. L2 acquisitional and pedagogical experience
2、 has proved that teaching L2 grammar can facilitate and accelerate L2 learning. Thus, it is necessary for the learners to grasp the grammar if they want to learn English well.(2) A good mastery of grammar doesnt necessarily mean that the learner is competent enough to make use of the knowledge to ef
3、fectively express themselves. Also, after learning L2 grammar, L2 learners persist in making grammatical errors.(3) Sheer grammatical knowledge without practicing is not sufficient. L1 grammar affects the use of L2 grammar.(4) Open. 2. (1) Partly true. The different grammatical rules between Chinese
4、 and English make it difficult for learners because the interference of the first language may cause troubles for L2 learners. (2) Yes. For example, usually, both English and Chinese sentences are generally composed of a subject, a predicate and an object. The attribute modifies nouns, and the adver
5、bial modifier modifies verbs or adverbs.(3) There seems to be too many exceptions to the grammatical rules in English. Open to other factors(4) Open.3. (1) I.(2) For instance: Jack is taller than me. Who will you meet this Friday?4. (1) “please should be followed by an imperative sentence. “Invest h
6、ere. Because your money wants to do more than bank should be “Invest here because your money wants to do more than the bank (does). (2) For the former case, one can be economical of words; for the latter case, one can be emphatic by making “because salient.5. (1)“whos, “ams, “ a grown-up i & you- fu
7、l, “known who and who, etc. are ungrammatical.(2) Many readers would like the childishness and the playful use of pronouns. Probably, the poet may express his recall of and love for the youth and childhood. 6. (1) Formal structures: The publishing of the book brought him tremendous popularity Could
8、it possible for you to hand me the pen? Standing on the top of the mountain, I could see the entire city below.Informal structures: The book was published and made him very popular. Give me a pen .I stood on the top of the mountain and could see the city all over. (2) Open.Post-Class Tasks1. a. a se
9、t of rules for good use of the language (usu. taught to students); b. a set of rules as shown by native speakers in their use of the language; c. implicit knowledge that enables one to produce and understand sentences; d. theoretical construct of rules as found universal to all natural languages.2.
10、Grammaticality is a relative or fuzzy term. Even among native speakers, there may be disagreement on the grammaticality of some sentences. Sometimes, therefore, we use “acceptability to describe the well-formedness of a sentence. Some sentences may be more acceptable than others; a sentence may be m
11、ore acceptable to some people than to others. The following two sentences may be good examples: Usednt he to smoke? Shes gonna visit us tomorrow.3. Because appropriateness of grammar is part of what we communicate in real life. For instance, the more formal, the greater social distance. 4. No busine
12、ss too small, no problem too big. Impossible made possible. Every time a good time.Unit 2Check your understanding1. True.2. Not exactly. The subject complement may include both the predicative and the complement that is not the predicative, as in He fell down dead.3. True.4. True.5. False. For insta
13、nce, the object cannot be positioned between the subject and the predicator verb in English.In-class activities:1. (1) Picture 1: By the use of the capitalized NOT, one can alert visitors to the need to buy tickets. Picture 2: By responding to the presupposition that some may belittle the card, one
14、can be emphatic in promoting the sale of the card.Picture 3: By saying “not as usual, one may distinguish oneself from other business magazines.(2) Ways of sentence-negation are various: the employment of “not following auxiliary; No+verb+ingadverbial; the use of negative frequency adverbials (seldo
15、m, by no means, etc.); the combined use of negative adverbials with inversion, etc.(3) not at all; inversion + negation not the least / not a damn / never in my life 2. (1) The common structure is “Subject + (auxiliary+) be +V-ed (past participle).“Subject + (auxiliary+) get +V-ed (past participle)
16、(2) We prohibit interfering with security personnel or procedures in any manner. Only authorized airport personnel may operate this elevator. We appreciate your comments on this exhibition.(3) They are usually used in the following situations or for the following reasons:a. the agent of the action i
17、n question is unknown or unnecessary to tell;b. the patient or the target of the action is the focus of the topic;c. the unwillingness to define the agent out of inconvenience, politeness or courtesy, etc.d. a consideration of sentence development for coherence sake. Besides, the choices of passives
18、 should also take into consideration the stylistic differences. Passive-voice sentences are usually formal than their corresponding active-voice sentences.3. (1) Yes, “offer and “prepare respectively, for example.(2) We say “provide/supply sth. to sb. or “provide/supply sb. with sth. Chinese student
19、s make such mistakes because they assume that “supply and “provide behave like “give.(3) E.g.: Fix: I fixed Bill a good breakfast. / I fixed a good breakfast for Bill. Cook: Cook a meal for me, please. Cook yourself a meal!4. (1) a and b can, while c cannot. The former has to do with some kind of ex
20、istence and ownership, whereas the latter relates to the occurrence/appearance of something.(2) a. * There are many students fail in the final exam. (two main verbs in a single sentence) b. * There are the boys on the playground. (there-be often takes indefinite NPs) Chinese students sometimes make
21、these mistakes due to the negative transfer of their mother tongue, as shown in the first case. For the second, they misuse determiners. (3) When there is a definite reference of the pollution problem for both sides, usu. mentioned earlier, i.e. the problem was mentioned earlier or when both sides k
22、now the existence of the referent even though it is not mentioned. (4) In traditional English grammar, we classify them into sentences with a formal subject, which we use to refer to or talk about time, weather, week, date, etc. There are no such formal equivalents in Chinese.5. (1) Yes. Do not leav
23、e valuables unattended: a. Do not put valuables in an unattended state. b. Do not depart from valuables that are not attended.Life needs a great deal:a. One needs to do many things for a good life.b. Life requires a great transaction.(2) Not completely. leave + object / leave + N + object + object c
24、omplement; a great deal: many things / a great transaction. (3) The two sentences are ambiguous in terms of their deep structure rather than on surface structure.6. (1) The 1st person subject, the simple present tense, verbs indicating personal judgment or intention, and a matrix clause followed by
25、a subordinate one (the infinitive clause can be expanded into a that-clause). (2) To mitigate the tone of negation, to be less subjective. (3) e & g yes; f not. Post-Class Tasks1. The attributives are not considered in the classification of the sentence patterns, because they are part of the subject
26、, the object, or the complement. Their absence does not affect the grammaticality of the sentence.2. a. SVC b. SV c. SVOC d. SVC e. SVOiOd f. SVOC g. SVA h. SVOC3. a. plunged open b. a great story open c. should customers open d. boring open4. a. Joan was kissed by Jack a second time.b. Joan was con
27、vinced by Jack to marry him. * Joan was convinced to marry him by Jack. c. An email about his trip was sent by Jack to Joan. d. Joan was expected by Jack to finish the project by the end of this month.The project was expected for Joan to finish by the end of this month by Jack.For Joan to finish the
28、 project by the end of this month was expected by Jack. More: The project was expected by Jack to be finished by the end of this month. It was expected by Jack that Joan would finish the project by the end of this month. It was expected by Jack that the project would be finished by Joan by the end o
29、f this month.5. The verbs used in sentences a and b are intransitive while those in c and d are transitive. a and b describe properties or characteristics while c and d describe temporary states.6. (3) The present study is aimed to investigate one important aspect of Chinese college EFL learners pra
30、gmatic developmentthe acquisition of politeness strategies for performing speech acts.(4) It is hoped to find out whether and to what extent Chinese college EFL learners ability to communicate with native-like politeness has been improved after several years of study.(5) In so doing, the researcher
31、seeks to reveal the developmental problems that might be met by the learners in the course of acquisition. Chinese students may assume passive-voice sentences are formal and thus are required in academic writing.7. Warning to violators and unauthorized vehicles. 8. a. A non-smoking section is availa
32、ble. No section for smoking is available. structurally ambiguous. b. Jack refused to change his own decision. Jack refused to change some other persons decision. not structurally but referentially ambiguous. c. not ambiguous. d. Are you tired of cleaning your own body? Are you tired of doing cleanin
33、g by yourself? structurally ambiguous. e. Patent medicines are sold by people who are frightening. Patent medicines are sold in the way of making people scared. structurally ambiguous.Unit 3Check your understanding1. T2. F not complete; they are also functionally different.3. T imperatives are also
34、used to give invitations, for instance.4. F questions may take the form of statements plus a question mark.In-Class Activities1. (1) A1: ask about Jacks identity, profession, etc.A2: inquire B whether B knows Jack or not.A3: ask about the reason (why Jack got involved) .A4: inquire whether we can as
35、k Jack for help with the case.A5: inquire about Jacks cooking skill.A6: Ask for advice or permission to invite Jack to prepare the dinner.(2) B 1: inform A of Jacks identity, profession, etc.2: confirm an indirect positive answer (that B knows Jack).3: give an explanation. 4: confirm an indirect pos
36、itive answer (that we can ask Jack for help).5: give the reason for a negative answer (that Jack cant cook well). 6: give the reason for a refusal (to ask Jack to prepare the dinner).2. (1) simple questions (or Yes-No questions): Q2,4,6,7,10,11,12,15,16,17; special questions (or Wh-questions): Q1,3,
37、5,8,9,13,14; (2) request for information: Q3,5,8,13 invitation to action: Q1,2 seek confirmation: Q4,6,10,11,12,14,15,16,17 give criticism: Q7 ask for repetition: Q93. (1) Simple questions.(2) The use of simple questions here imposes a yes or no answer on the addressee. In the context, the addressee
38、 actually has no choice between yes and no.4. (1) Simple questions with rhetorical purposes. (2) The first 2 are eye-catching, fascinating and attractive. The questions arouse the strong interests of the potential customers in the products advertised by appearing to be considerate and empathetic. Th
39、e last one is rhetorical for being emphatic.5. (1) Invitation for action; prohibition; command for action; make a requirement.(2) Yes. The use of please in the first case is the most polite. Also compare: Please do not smoke here. Do not smoke, please. Do not smoke! No smoking!(3) No. They are not i
40、mperatives in function, though they are in form. They express feelings ore attitudes. 6. (1) Usually verbs indicating feelings and attributes (Static verbs) are not used in imperative sentences.(2) Dynamic adjectives like “quick and “patient can be used in imperatives together with BE. Static adject
41、ives like “tall and “young cannot.Post-Class Tasks1. a. A b. D c. C d. A (B is also acceptable) e. A f. B g. C2. The reasons may be as follows: a. Renmin Daily faces much less market competition; it publicizes major political events, the latest laws, guidelines and essential editorials of current af
42、fairs, and therefore the headlines are usually serious, informative and mainly declarative; b. Yangtse Evening, as a commercialized metropolitan tabloid which faces fierce marketing pressures, promotes its sales volume by approaching civilians and being entertaining; as a result, headlines in questi
43、on form are more frequently employed.3. a. What exciting films they are!b. What nonsense you are talking!c. Why are old people more conservative than young people? d. How can we solve the problem of pollution in China? e. No one knows why the child looks unhappy.f. Does John know what he should do?C
44、hinese learners make such mistakes partly because of the influence of the negative transfer of their mother tongue, and partly because of their inadequate knowledge of the types and functions of English sentences.4. (1) B1: Jane is my friend.B2: I know Jane quite well. B3: Jane will certainly come t
45、o my birthday party.(2) B1: I did not want to see Jack.B2: I do not want Jacks help.B3: I do not like to talk to Jack, either.B4: I do not want to talk about Jack.5. a. Please make yourself at home.b. Take a seat, please.c. Call me back, OK?d. Do it yourself, will you?e. Pass me the salt, wont you?f
46、. Take care!6. “Lets in Sentence (5) cannot be replaced with “Let us in that the former includes the hearer while the latter is hearer-exclusive. In this fable, the father attempts to get on close terms with the serpent, so “Lets is more appropriate.Lets be friends again now that we are both satisfi
47、ed.How right I was in trying to revenge him!Unit 4Check your understanding1. F2. F “们3. R4. F For a subject singular in number and in the third person, the main verb in the present tense is also marked.5. F “just as an adjective, for example, takes “more and “most.In-Class Activities1. (1) Group f. These nouns take the same form whether they refer to single persons or a group of people.(2) Group c. (3) Groups b and f.(4) Group d, e.2. (1) Plurality marker “-s is added to the tail of a noun.(2) P
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