你能随时做到环保.ppt
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1、你能随时做到环保 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望Consumer Surplus消费者剩余Zhang YanZhang YanGuang Dong University of FinanceGuang Dong University of Finance2007-2008 First Semester2007-2008 First Semester2007 Fall2Zhang Yan-GDUF几个消费者剩余度量尺度n n价格变动的补偿CVn n等
2、值变动EVn n马歇尔的消费者剩余Consumer Surplusn n补偿剩余CSn n等值剩余ESn n价格变化的Laspeyre成本差n nPaasche成本差2007 Fall3Zhang Yan-GDUF价格变动的补偿CVn n常被称为常被称为补偿变化补偿变化compensating variation:为使某人保持变化以前的福:为使某人保持变化以前的福利水平,应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数利水平,应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。额。n n回想卡尔多补偿回想卡尔多补偿n n对良种农产品的补贴,对农民养猪的补贴对良种农产品的补贴,对农民养猪的补贴2007 Fall4Zhang Yan-G
3、DUF价格变动的补偿价格变动的补偿CVn nPertaining to Price ReductionPertaining to Price Reductionn nThe The Compensating income variation Compensating income variation(shown as CV(shown as CV in the followed figure)equals the amout of a in the followed figure)equals the amout of a lump-lump-sum taxsum tax which the
4、consumer,after a reduction in which the consumer,after a reduction in the price of X has caused him to purchase a larger the price of X has caused him to purchase a larger quantity of X at the lower price,would have to pay quantity of X at the lower price,would have to pay in order to be pushed back
5、 the same indifference in order to be pushed back the same indifference levellevel that he had attained when he purchased a that he had attained when he purchased a smaller quantity of X at the higher pricesmaller quantity of X at the higher pricen n-Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks revision of-Fritz M
6、achlup”Professor Hicks revision of Demand Theory”P122Demand Theory”P1222007 Fall5Zhang Yan-GDUF价格变动的补偿价格变动的补偿CVn nPertaining to Price IncreasesPertaining to Price Increasesn nThe The Compensating income variation Compensating income variation equals the equals the amout of a amout of a lump-sum subs
7、idylump-sum subsidy which the consumer,which the consumer,after an increase in the price of X has caused him after an increase in the price of X has caused him to purchase a smaller quantity of X at the higher to purchase a smaller quantity of X at the higher price,would have to pay would have to re
8、ceive price,would have to pay would have to receive in in order to be lifted back to the same indifference order to be lifted back to the same indifference levellevel that he had attained when he purchased a that he had attained when he purchased a larger quantity of X at the lower pricelarger quant
9、ity of X at the lower pricen n-Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks revision of-Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks revision of Demand Theory”P122Demand Theory”P1222007 Fall6Zhang Yan-GDUFn n补偿变化衡量的是一个计划者的净收入。补偿变化衡量的是一个计划者的净收入。这个计划者必须在价格变化发生之后,这个计划者必须在价格变化发生之后,对消费者进行补偿使消费者的效用恢复对消费者进行补偿使消费者的效用恢复到初始效用水平。到初始效用水平。n
10、n它可以设想为计划者为使消费者同意价格发生变化而必须向消费者支付的金额的负数。补偿变化与可以表述为:价格变动的补偿CV2007 Fall7Zhang Yan-GDUF价格变动的补偿CV2007 Fall8Zhang Yan-GDUF价格变动的补偿CV希克斯需求函数希克斯需求函数马歇尔需求函数马歇尔需求函数2007 Fall9Zhang Yan-GDUFn n等值变化等值变化equivalent variation:在没:在没有变化发生的情况下,有变化发生的情况下,为了使某人达到为了使某人达到变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平变化发生后他可能达到的福祉水平而应而应给予他的补偿金的数额。给予他的补偿金
11、的数额。n n与补偿变动的区别?与补偿变动的区别?n n回想希克斯补偿标准回想希克斯补偿标准n n向农民征地前政府承诺的补偿向农民征地前政府承诺的补偿等值变动EV2007 Fall10Zhang Yan-GDUF等值变动EVn nPertaining to Price ReductionsPertaining to Price Reductionsn nThe The equivalent incomeequivalent income variationvariation(shown as EV in(shown as EV in the followed figure)equals the
12、 amount of the followed figure)equals the amount of a a lump-sum subsidylump-sum subsidy which the consumer,after which the consumer,after purchasing a certain quantity of X at a given purchasing a certain quantity of X at a given price,would have to receive in order to be lifted price,would have to
13、 receive in order to be lifted up to up to the same indifference level that he would the same indifference level that he would attain if a reduction in the price of X at the lower attain if a reduction in the price of X at the lower pricepricen n-Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks revision of-Fritz Machl
14、up”Professor Hicks revision of Demand Theory”P123Demand Theory”P1232007 Fall11Zhang Yan-GDUF等值变动EVn nPertaining to Price IncreasesPertaining to Price Increasesn nThe The equivalent incomeequivalent income variationvariation equals the equals the amount of amount of a lump-sum taxa lump-sum tax which
15、 the consumer,which the consumer,after purchasing a certain quantity of X at a after purchasing a certain quantity of X at a given price,would have to pay given price,would have to pay in order to be in order to be pushed down to the same indifference level that pushed down to the same indifference
16、level that he would attain if an increase in the price of X he would attain if an increase in the price of X caused him to purchase a smaller quantity of X caused him to purchase a smaller quantity of X at the higher priceat the higher pricen n-Fritz Machlup”Professor Hicks revision of-Fritz Machlup
17、”Professor Hicks revision of Demand Theory”P123Demand Theory”P1232007 Fall12Zhang Yan-GDUFn n关于等价变化说明关于等价变化说明等价变化可想象为一笔金钱,消费者在接受这等价变化可想象为一笔金钱,消费者在接受这等价变化可想象为一笔金钱,消费者在接受这等价变化可想象为一笔金钱,消费者在接受这一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的,也就是一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的,也就是一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的,也就是一笔钱和接受价格变化间是无差异的,也就是说,就对福利的影响而言,这笔钱和价格变化说,就对福利的影响而言
18、,这笔钱和价格变化说,就对福利的影响而言,这笔钱和价格变化说,就对福利的影响而言,这笔钱和价格变化等价的。等价的。等价的。等价的。等值变动EV2007 Fall13Zhang Yan-GDUF等值变动EV2007 Fall14Zhang Yan-GDUF等值变动EV2007 Fall15Zhang Yan-GDUF马歇尔的消费者剩余Consumer SurplusAB2007 Fall16Zhang Yan-GDUF补偿剩余CSn n补偿剩余补偿剩余Compensating Surplus:当某:当某人被限制人被限制以变化后的新价格购买以变化后的新价格购买如果没有如果没有补偿他所购买的物品的量
19、时补偿他所购买的物品的量时,为使他保持,为使他保持变化以前的福利水平,而应该从他那里取变化以前的福利水平,而应该从他那里取走的补偿金的数额。走的补偿金的数额。n n与补偿变化与补偿变化CV的区别?的区别?n n变化后的价格变化后的价格n n没有补偿的数量变化后的数量没有补偿的数量变化后的数量2007 Fall17Zhang Yan-GDUF补偿剩余CSn nPertaining to Price ReductionsPertaining to Price Reductionsn nThe The compensating consumers surpluscompensating consum
20、ers surplus(shown as (shown as CS in the followed figure)equals the amout of CS in the followed figure)equals the amout of a a lump-sum taxlump-sum tax which the consumer,after a which the consumer,after a reduction in the price of X has caused him to reduction in the price of X has caused him to pu
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