Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security - sdissues.doc
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1、PANEL 3: Advocacy and Grassroots Initiatives in Food Security, Food Sovereignty and Sustainable Agriculture: Intensifying the Peoples Challenge to Globalization and Agriculture LiberalizationPanel 3 is divided into two with three speakers for the first batch and four speakers for the second batch. T
2、he first batch of speakers are: Marie Cecille Thirion of Solagral from France, Aileen Kwa of the Focus on Global South (FGS) based in Geneva, and Dwi Astuti of Bina Desa/Indhrra from Indonesia. The next batch of speakers are Arze Glipo of the Integrated Rural Development Foundation of the Philippine
3、s (IRDF), Veeraphon Supha of the Assemply of the Poor (AoP) from Thailand, Rik Thijssen and Imam Suharto of VECO-Indonesia, and Dr. Russ Dilts of Community IPM in Asia. The panel is chaired by Nugroho Wienarto who is Programme Coordinator of Community IPM in Indonesia and Jayson Cainglet of IRDF Phi
4、lippines.INCREASING PUBLIC SECTOR INTERVENTION IN AGRICULTURE: DEVELOPING APPROPRIATE POLICY INSTRUMENTS AT THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEVEL Marie Cecille Thirion Solagral, France Public intervention in agriculture in the EU and USEU and US are heavily subsidising their agriculture. To give you
5、some ideas, I will go through the recent evolutions of the agriculture policies of these two countries.The US had adopted a policy in 1996 which aim was to diminish the subsidies in 7 years and decouple them. The result was bad. From less than 8 billions dollars, the amount of the subsidy budget rai
6、sed to 28 billions in 2001. More other, the producer debts increased. From the food security point of view, it is also important to underline that the level of stocks is very low since it has been transferred to the private sector. The private sector has no interest in keeping high stocks since it i
7、s very expensive to manage and they prefer dealing with options on the stock market.In reaction to the failure of the reform, the US Congress very recently adopted a new farm bill. It is reintroducing the counter cycle payments that is a technical name for intervention prices. This law has also conf
8、irmed the decoupled payments as well as the support to export credits. The result from this new policy should be an increase of public spending for agriculture of more than 70%. It should also reinforce the concentration of farming land since 66% of the subsidies should go to 3% of the farmers.Conce
9、rning the EU, an important policy reform was done in 1992 since the CAP (Common Agriculture Policy) was far too expensive, since the European population was more and more aware of the environmental impact of agriculture and since EU had taken some engagements within the WTO agreement to reduce its p
10、ublic intervention. 10 years after, the EU is doing a mid-term review of its policy in order to see if the CAP is in accordance with its objectives, i.e. promoting a multifunctional and co-operative agriculture. This means that the EU agriculture should answer the production aspect but also function
11、s not related to the sailing on the market of products such as food safety, environment, employment, maintaining people on the whole territory, taking care of the rural areas. So it is the right time to force the EU to have a new approach of its agriculture. The move is already visible in many count
12、ries such as the northern countries (except Denmark), Germany. The countries that are not interested in changing are France and the other southern countries of Europe that benefit a lot from the CAP.As an example, I will give you some information on the cereal common market organisation. From 1962 t
13、o 1992 European prices were very high benefiting from high intervention prices as well as high tariff barriers. When the international market prices are low, the EU gives export subsidies to the exporters and implements a variable tax on imports. In 1992, the intervention prices on cereals were to b
14、e decreased by 35% in three years (down to 100 Euro per tonne). To compensate, some decoupled subsidies were given to the farmers (around 45 Euro per tonne in 1995). More over, 15% of the agriculture land were to be set aside. In 1999, the reform was deepened with a new reduction of the intervention
15、 price of 15%, the compensation of 50% of these reductions by direct subsidies. But the impacts of this reform were not the one presented. The agriculture didnt become more extensive. The concentration of agriculture land wasnt stopped. The average size of a European farm is 27 hectares.Concerning i
16、mports, the EU has launch in 2001 an initiative for the LDCs. It is giving free entry to all agricultural products from the LDCs. But they are some exception for banana, sugar and rice. For these products, free entry will be given only in 2021. This reflects the protectionism of the European agricul
17、ture policy.Multifunctionnality of agricultureUntil 1986 agriculture was out of the international trade negotiation since it was considered as a specific activity with a role that was going beyond the simple problem of trade. In the Agricultural Trade Agreement of WTO signed in 1994, the multifuncti
18、onnality of agriculture was recognised through the non-trade concerns. Was only mentioned Food security and environment. In the Doha agreement also recognises the multidimension of agriculture since it mentions that the future agriculture negotiation should take into account the different proposals
19、of member states on non-trade concerns. The type of functions that were presented was much wider including employment, rural development, and food safety.What are these non-trade concerns? They are functions that the people want the agriculture to fulfil but that the market cannot take in charge. We
20、 can rapidly review these main functions and see why the public intervention is necessary.Concerning food security, the problem should be taken in a broader sense including regulation of offer in developing countries. It must be underlined that the CAP was identified as the priority for the European
21、 construction and that its main purpose was to increase food independence of the region. In the same line, the importance of the subsidies given to the American farmers shows the strategic aspect of agriculture. It cannot be the low prices of the international market, the weakness of the place of ag
22、ricultural exports within the export balance of EU and US or the low percentage of the population concerned by agriculture (around 10% of the population) that explains such an important implication of state. Therefore, we can see that food security is in the first state considered as a social contra
23、ct between the population and the state. It is the responsibility of the state to assure that food is available within the country at a price compatible with the consumer means. The liberalisation of market was suppose to answer this problem but the instability of international market, the instabili
24、ty and low level of exports revenues of most developing countries underline the market failure in responding to this demand. Therefore, it becomes crucial that each country manages to maintain a certain level of production for its own consumption. This level is to be determined according to the agri
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