阅读理解题型专讲专练.docx
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1、阅读理解题型专讲专练【细节理解题】做细节理解题时,大局部学生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技 巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的水平。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而应采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法,先从问题中抓住关键性词语,然后以此为线索,使用略读及查读 的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,仔细品味,对照比拟,确定答案。除 了使用扫读法外,还能够兼用排除法,将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。要快速 地识别和记忆事实或细节,就需要恰当地使用查阅的方法及技巧。查阅是在读者对材料有所 熟悉的情况下实行的,它的特点是带着问题去寻求答案,它往往与略读综合使用。
2、K第一招直接细节理解题答案与原文挂钩,在文中可直接找到答案,但往往与原文中的语句并非 一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过相关词 语和句子的转换,利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空 间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出准确的判断,此类试题在高考中占 大局部。其常见命题方式有:1、特殊疑问句形式。以what, who, when, where, which, how much / many等引出的问题;2、是非题。通常以 true / false, not true / false 提问以及以 according
3、to the text 开头;3、填空题。通常涉及与主题相关的事实和细节;4、就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。K第二招I略读材料,大概了解全文,掌握其中心或主旨。R第三招按文章的体裁,如记叙文、说明文和议论文等及作者写作的组织模式和相关的信息词, 如for example, first, second等预测应该到何处寻求自己所需要的事实。段落的组织形式常见 的有时间型段落、空间型段落、列举型段落、例证型段落、程序型段落和比照型段落等。如 时间型段落和空间型段落要凭借表达时间和空间的信息词按时间和空间的组织形式实行查 读,寻找相关细节。K第四招I将精力放在寻找你所需要的细节上,快速通篇跳读,眼睛自
4、左至右,自上而下呈Z型 扫读,直到找到含细节句子时,就要放慢速度,仔细核对、比拟内容,直至找到答案。K第五招H了解细节题干扰选项的特点也能有助于提高答题的准确率。一般情况下,干扰项有以 下五个特点:是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;符合常识,但不是文内容;与原 句的内容极为相似,仅仅在水准上有些变动;在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反; 局部准确,局部错误。值得一提的是,有时原文中的信息可能仅仅一个短语甚至一个单词, 所以需要我们阅读中格外仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。【试题分析】1、直接信息理解题细节的直接识别不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求 从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求
5、读者记住重要的细节,在必要的时候(做判断、推 论或结论的时候)能准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住关键信息、, 直接得出答案。有时需要词句意的转换理解,将获得的信息用同义或近义的形式复述出来。 NMET设计了许多这样的同义转换理解题,具体的要求是为阅读材料中某些词汇、短语及 句型找到准确的释义。例如:The World Trade Organization (WTO), founded on January 1, 1995, aims to encourage international trade to flow as possible, making sure that
6、trade agreements are respected and that any disputes can be settled.In the five years since its founding, the WTO has become well known as one of the worlds 要自己根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是: 先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成 主题。如:Tom Brennan was working in a Philadelphia office buildi
7、ng when he noticed a black bag. The bag contained a book.This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary dept 190 years age by Deborah Logan, “a woman who knew everybody in her day,“ James Green, the librarian told the maga
8、zine American Libraries.Most of the diary is a record of big events in Philadelphia. It also includes a description of British soldiers burning Washington. D. C in the war of 1812. She describes President James Madison on horseback as perfectly shaking with fear,9 during the troubled days. George Wa
9、shington, she writes, mistook her for the wife of a French man and praised her excellent English.The adventure of the lost book began on September 4 when Cory Luxmoore arrived from England to deliver the diary of his ancestor to the Library Company, which he and his wife considered to be the best ho
10、me for the diary.Green told American Libraries he had the diary in his possession “about five minutes when Luxmoore took it back because he had promised to show it to one other person. On returning to his hotel after showing the precious book to Green, Luxmoore was shocked to realize that he had lef
11、t it in the taxi.Without any delay, Green began calling every taxi company in the city, with no luck, Ive felt sick since then“ Luxmoore told reporters.According to Green on one has yet learned how the diary came to the office building.Tom Brennan received a reward of 1,000, Philadelphia gained anot
12、her treasure for its history, and Luxmoore told reporters, Ifs wonderful news. Tm on high.51. This article mainly tells about the story ofA. A lost diary B. Deborah C. Cory Luxmoore D. The Library Company分析:解题时必须首先理顺文章时间顺序:1. Deborah Logan kept a 120-page diary 190 years ago.2. Cory Luxmoore deliver
13、ed the diary to the library Company.3. James Green, the librarian, had the diary in his possession about five minutes.4. Cory Luxmoore left the diary in the taxi.5. Tom Brennan noticed a black bag which contained a book (the diary).【文章的标题】标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想的最 精炼的表达形式,它的特点是:短小精炼,多为一个
14、短语;涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文, 其确定的范围要恰当,即不能太大,也不能太小,恰如帽子,太大能遮了眼睛,太小那么发挥 不了应起的作用且风一吹必跑;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表达的程度及色彩。它可以是 单词,短语,也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨 论的中心,把握作者的观点和意图,那么如何选择文章的标题呢?K第一招要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑这句话或短语与文章主题是否有密切的联系;再看它对文 章的概括性或覆盖面如何;然后要注意题目是否过大或过小,要防止以下三种错误:概括 不够(多表现为局部代整体,从而导致范围太小);过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围); 以事
15、实、细节替代抽象的大意。要恰当地选好标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方式。一般来说,标题的拟定方式是:以话 题为核心,与控制性的概念词按一定的语法浓缩为概括句意或中心思想的词组。例如:石家庄市高中毕业班第二次模拟考试题C篇People say teenagers are no good. They make too much noise in shopping malls; they drive recklessly up and down Americas main streets; they carry chips on their shoulders as big as the Sears
16、 Tower. And at least some of the time those things are true. But we shouldnt forget that there are hard moments in the life of a teenager too.I watched such a moment not long ago at a womans funeral. I didnt expect the event to affect me. Through much of the ceremony, in fact I remained unmoved.Then
17、 her teenage grandson stepped forward. With his first very deep breath, every heart in that church was achingly reminded of something we had all forgotten. Softly he began: I want to share a few values that Nana taught me. She never failed to see light in any situation. If our family dog should atta
18、ck her, what would Nana say?” Oh, what beautiful markings that dog has!” That was Nana.“She was a strong woman who often lived in the shadow of my grandpa, who was a successful businessman in the city. But she was the one behind the scenes who provided the strength and support fbr Grandpas career/9
19、he said, with a voice now trembling. That was Nanas way.”Through a sob, he continued, Whenever she did anything worth recognition, youd have to hear about it from a different source, because she was never the one to brag.”Finally, in a voice breaking free of sorrow, he looked up and said, Nana taugh
20、t me courage. She put up an incredible fight to the end, when she died peacefully, which is how she lived her life. That was Nanas way, and I hope I can carry on in the asme manner.There are no hearts as sensitive as those of teenagers, because everything is happening to them for the first time. The
21、 trouble with the teenagers is that they havent learnt to be controlled.When that boy rose to speak about the woman who surely had truest ally and dearest friend, his honest voice dragged each of us out into the open where could no longer hide in the calm ritual. He exposed us to the truth about thi
22、s very real woman who believed in a boy who probably tried the patience of many adults. He reminded us that his grandmother was more than another dot on the chart of life and death.All over again we felt those powerful losses crisscrossing our own hearts. As we know, when you say goodbye to a belove
23、d grandparent, you say goodbye to something happy, something young in yourself, and even if something never really returns, the pain never really goes away.52. Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?A. A Moving FuneralB. Are Teenagers Always Light-hearted?C. Teenagers Are No
24、Good D. A Teenager And His GrandmaK第二招H有些文章,比方记叙文,主题思想不是通过一两句话就可以表达的。这时就需要阅读 全文,抓住关键字眼或主要论题来归纳文章主题。例如:河北省保定市高三模拟试题A篇“Jingle bells, jingle bells, jingle all the way.” goes the popular Christmas tune. With the song in my head, I felt a bit sorry for myself. Instead of rushing back and forth across a f
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